Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T04:38:50.830Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Nothing is perfect! Trouble-shooting in immunological and molecular studies of cestode infections

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2013

AKIRA ITO*
Affiliation:
Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
*
*Corresponding author: Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan. Tel: +81 166 68 2686. Fax: +81 166 68 2429. E-mail: akiraito@asahikawa-med.ac.jp

Summary

This personal review focuses on ways to approach and overcome some of the more common issues encountered while studying cestode zoonoses. The information presented here is based on the author's own experiences with immunological and molecular approaches for the detection of these parasites. There are many incongruities between immunological and molecular studies due to biased work. Nothing is perfect. Indirect approaches using either immunological, or even molecular tools, are limited without confirmation from direct evidence of infection. The dilemma of whether developing countries should develop their own diagnostic tests or rely on commercially available kits is also discussed.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akabane, H., Nakano, S., Inagaki, M., Yanagida, N., Shoumura, H., Kudo, T., Shonaka, T., Orimo, T., Oikawa, F., Aiyama, T., Shibaki, T., Sako, Y., Itoh, S. and Ito, A. (2012). Evaluation of a long term follows up by imaging and serology on a hepatic alveolar echinococcosis at Asahikawa Kousei Hospital. Hokkaido Nouson Igaku 44, 17 (in Japanese).Google Scholar
Allan, J. C., Avila, G., Garcia Noval, J., Flisser, A. and Craig, P. S. (1990). Immunodiagnosis of taeniasis by coproantigen detection. Parasitology 101, 473477.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allan, J. C. and Craig, P. S. (2006). Coproantigens in taeniasis and echinococcosis. Parasitology International 55, S75S80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allan, J. C., Velasquez-Tohom, M., Torres-Alvarez, R., Yurrita, P. and Garcia-Noval, J. (1996). Field trial of the coproantigen-based diagnosis of Taenia solium taeniasis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 54, 352356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aoki, T., Kino, S., Yamazaki, H., Obara, M., Kasai, S., Yamasaki, H. and Ito, A. (2006). A case of liver cysts with Em18-WB was useful for differential diagnosis. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 103, 955960 (in Japanese).Google ScholarPubMed
Baird, R. A., Wiebe, S., Zunt, J. R., Halperin, J. J., Gronseth, G. and Roos, K. L. (2013). Evidence-based guideline: treatment of parenchymal neurocysticercosis: Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 80, 14241429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bames, T. S., Deplazes, P., Gottstein, B., Jenkins, D. J., Mathis, A., Siles-Lucas, M., Torgerson, P. R., Ziadinov, I. and Heath, D. D. (2012). Challenges for diagnosis and control of cystic hydatid disease. Acta Tropica 123, 17.Google Scholar
Bart, J. M., Abdukader, M., Zhang, Y. L., Lin, R. Y., Wang, Y. H., Nakao, M., Ito, A., Craig, P. S., Piarroux, R., Vuitton, D. A. and Wen, H. (2006). Genotyping of human cystic echinococcosis in Xinjiang, PR China. Parasitology 133, 571579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bart, J. M., Piarroux, M., Sako, Y., Grenouillet, F., Bresson-Hadni, S., Piarroux, R. and Ito, A. (2007). Comparison of several commercial kits and Em18 serology for detection of human alveolar echinococcosis. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 59, 9395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bethony, J. M., Cole, R. N., Guo, X., Kamhawi, S., Lightowlers, M. W., Loukas, A., Petri, W., Reed, S., Valenzuela, J. G. and Hotez, P. J. (2011). Vaccines to combat the neglected tropical diseases. Immunological Reviews 239, 237270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brehm, K., Jensen, K., Frosch, P. and Frosch, M. (1999). Characterization of the genomic locus expressing the ERM-like protein of Echinococcus multilocularis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 100, 147152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bresson-Hadni, S., Blagosklonov, O., Knapp, J., Grenouillet, F., Sako, Y., Delabrousse, E., Brientini, M. P., Richou, C., Minello, A., Antonino, A. T., Gillet, M., Ito, A., Mantion, G. A. and Vuitton, D. A. (2011). Should possible recurrence forbid liver transplantation in patients with end-stage alveolar echinococcosis? A 20-yr follow up. Liver Transplantation 17, 855865.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bresson-Hadni, S., Delabrousse, E., Blagosklonov, O., Bartholomot, B., Koch, S., Miguet, J. P., Mantion, G. A. and Vuitton, D. A. (2006). Imaging aspects and non-surgical interventional treatment in human alveolar echinococcosis. Parasitology International 55, S267S272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brunetti, E., Kern, P., Vuitton, D. A. and Writing Panel for the WHO-IWGE. (2010). Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Acta Tropica 114, 116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Budke, C. M., Deplazes, P. and Torgerson, P. R. (2006). Global socioeconomic impact of cystic echinococcosis. Emerging Infectious Diseases 12, 296303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Budke, C. M., White, A. C. Jr. and Garcia, H. H. (2009). Zoonotic larval cestode infections: neglected, neglected tropical disease? PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 3, e319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carod, J. F., Randrianarison, M., Razafinahefa, J., Ramahefarisoa, R. M., Rakotondrazaka, M., Debruyne, M., Dautigny, M., Cazal, P., Andriantseheno, M. L. and Charles, E. R. (2012). Evaluation of the performance of 5 commercialized enzyme immunoassays for the detection of Taenia solium antibodies and for the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 72, 8589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craig, P. S., Budke, C. M., Schantz, P. M., Li, T., Qiu, J., Yang, Y., Zeyhle, E., Rogan, M. T. and Ito, A. (2007). Human echinococcosis: a neglected disease? Tropical Medicine and Health 35, 283292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, P. S., Rogan, M. T. and Allan, J. C. (1996). Detection, screening and community epidemiology of taeniid cestode zoonoses. Advances in Parasitology 38, 169250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deckers, N. and Dorny, P. (2010). Immunodiagnosis of Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis. Trends in Parasitology 26, 137144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Del Brutto, O. H. (2012). Neurocysticercosis: a review. Scientific World Journal 2012, 159821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Giorgio, C., Heck, C., Bunch, S., Britton, J., Green, P., Lancman, M., Murphy, J., Olejniczak, P., Shih, J., Arrambide, S. and Soss, J. (2005). Vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy: randomized comparison of three stimulation paradigms. Neurology 65, 317319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deplazes, P., Alther, P., Tanner, I., Thompson, R. C. and Eckert, J. (1999). Echinococcus multilocularis coproantigen detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in fox, dog and cat population. Journal of Parasitology 85, 115121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deplazes, P., Jimenez-Palacios, S., Gottstein, B., Skaggs, J. and Eckert, J. (1994). Detection of Echinococcus coproantigens in stray dogs of northern Spain. Applied Parasitology 35, 297301.Google ScholarPubMed
Dorny, P., Phiri, I. K., Vercruysse, J., Gabriel, S., Willingham, A. L. III, Brandt, J., Victor, B., Speybroeck, N. and Berkvens, D. (2004). A Bayesian approach for estimating values for prevalence and diagnostic test characteristics of porcine cysticercosis. International Journal for Parasitology 34, 569576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dorny, P. and Praet, N. (2007). Taenia saginata in Europe. Veterinary Parasitology 149, 2224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eckert, J., Gemmell, M. A., Meslin, F. X. and Pawlowski, Z. S. (2001). WHO/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: a Public Health Problem of Global Concern. pp. 1265. OIE, Paris.Google Scholar
Eom, K. S. (2006). What is Asian Taenia? Parasitology International 55, S137S141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eom, K. S. and Rim, H. J. (1993). Morphologic descriptions of Taenia asiatica sp.n. Korean Journal of Parasitology 31, 16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Euzeby, J. A. (1974). Zoonotic cestodes. In Parasitic Zoonoses Clinical and Experimental Studies (ed. Soulsby, E. J. L.), pp. 151178. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Fan, P. C. (1988). Taiwan Taenia and taeniasis. Parasitology Today 4, 8688.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fan, P. C., Soh, C. T. and Kosin, E. (1990). Pig as a favorable intermediate host of a possible new species of Taenia in Asia. Yonsei Reports of Tropical Medicine 21, 3958.Google Scholar
Flisser, A., Craig, P. S. and Ito, A. (2011). Taenia solium, Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica. In Zoonoses (ed. Palmer, S. R., Lord, Soulsby, Torgerson, P. R. and Brown, D. W. G.), pp. 627644. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Frosch, P. M., Frosch, M., Pfister, T., Schaad, V. and Bitter-Suemann, D. (1991). Cloning and characterization of an immunodominant major surface antigen of Echinococcus multilocularis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 48, 121130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furuya, K., Kawanaka, M., Yamano, K., Sato, N. and Honma, H. (2004). Laboratory evaluation of commercial immunoblot assay kit for serodiagnosis of Echinococcus infections using sera from patients with alveolar hydatidosis in Hokkaido. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 78, 320326 (in Japanese).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia, H. H., Gonzalez, A. E., Gavidia, C., Falcon, N., Bernal, T., Verastegui, M., Rodriguez, S., Tsang, V. C., Gilman, R. H. and Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. (2003). Seroincidence of porcine T. solium infection in the Peruvian highlands. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 57, 227236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia, H. H., Gonzalez, A. E., Gilman, R. H., Palacios, L. G., Jimenez, I., Rodriguez, S., Verastegui, M., Wilkins, P., Tsang, V. C. W. and The Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. (2001). Transient antibody response in Taenia solium infection in field conditions – A major contributor to high seroprevalence. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 65, 3132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gauci, C., Jayashi, C. and Lightowlers, M. W. (2013). Vaccine development against the Taenia solium parasite: The role of recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli. Bioengineered 4, 168171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goto, A., Kouguchi, H., Yamano, K. and Sawada, Y. (2013). Molecular cloning and characterization of major vault protein of Echinococcus multilocularis. Experimental Parasitology 134, 102108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goto, Y., Sato, K., Yahagi, K., Komatsu, O., Hoshina, H., Abiko, C., Yamasaki, H. and Kawanaka, M. (2010). Frequent isolation of Echinococcus multilocularis from the livers of racehorses slaughtered in Yamagata, Japan. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 63, 449451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottstein, B. (1992). Molecular and immunological diagnosis of echinococcosis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 5, 248261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottstein, B., Muller, N. and Seebeck, T. (1988). Production of a recombinant antigen of Echinococcus multilocularis with high immunodiagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 31, 117125.Google Scholar
Hailemariam, Z., Nakao, M., Menkir, S., Lavikainen, A., Iwaki, T., Yanagida, T., Okamoto, M. and Ito, A. (2013). Molecular identification of species of Taenia causing bovine cysticercosis in Ethiopia. Journal of Helminthology, in press.Google ScholarPubMed
Handali, S., Klarman, M., Gaspard, A. N., Dong, X. F., LaBorde, R., Noh, J., Lee, Y., Rodriguez, S., Gonzalez, A. E., Garcia, H. H., Gilman, R. H., Tsang, V. C. W. and Wilkins, P. (2010). Development and evaluation of a magnetic immunochromatographic test to detect Taenia solium which causes taeniasis and neurocysticercosis in humans. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, 631637.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartnack, S., Budke, C. M., Craig, P. S., Jiamin, Q., Boufana, B., Campos-Ponce, M. and Torgerson, P. R. (2013). Latent-class methods to evaluate diagnostics tests for Echinococcus infections in dogs. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 7, e2068.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hemmings, L. and McManus, D. P. (1991). The diagnostic value and molecular characterization of an Echinococcus multilocularis antigen gene clone. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 44, 5662.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hüttner, M., Nakao, M., Wassermann, T., Siefert, L., Boomker, J. D. F., Dinkel, A., Sako, Y., Mackenstedt, U., Romig, T. and Ito, A. (2008). Genetic characterization and phylogenetic position of Echinococcus felidis Ortlepp, 1937 (Cestoda: Taeniidae) from the African lion. International Journal for Parasitology 38, 861868.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iopposo, S., Notargiacomo, S., Profumo, E., Franchi, C., Ortona, E., Rigano, R. and Siracusano, A. (1996). Immunological responses to antigen B from Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid in hydatid patients. Parasite Immunology 18, 571578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ishikawa, Y., Sako, Y., Itoh, S., Ohtake, T., Kohgo, Y., Matsuno, T., Ohsaki, Y., Miyokawa, N., Nakao, M., Nakaya, K. and Ito, A. (2009). Serological monitoring of progression of alveolar echinococcosis with multi-organ involvement using recombinant Em18. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 47, 31913196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ito, A. (1992). Cysticercosis in Asia-Pacific region. Parasitology Today 8, 182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ito, A. (2002). Serologic and molecular diagnosis of zoonotic larval cestode infections. Parasitology International 51, 221235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, A. (2007). Welcome remark and introduction to symposium on cestode zoonoses in Asia and the Pacific. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 38(Suppl. 1), 115118.Google Scholar
Ito, A. and Craig, P. S. (2003). Short review: immunodiagnostic and molecular approaches for the detection of taeniid cestode infections. Trends in Parasitology 19, 377381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ito, A., Ishikawa, Y., Kitada, M., Nakaya, K. and Sasajima, T. (2003 c). Pulmonary alveolar echinococcosis. Kokyu 22, 5660 (in Japanese).Google Scholar
Ito, A., Li, T. Y., Chen, X. W., Long, C. P., Yanagida, T., Nakao, M., Sako, Y., Okamoto, M., Wu, Y., Raoul, F., Giraudoux, P. and Craig, P. S. (2013). Mini review on chemotherapy of taeniasis and cysticercosis due to Taenia solium in Asia, and a case report with 20 tapeworms. Tropical Biomedicine, in press.Google Scholar
Ito, A., Ma, L., Paul, M., Stefaniak, J. and Pawlowski, Z. S. (1998 a). Evaluation of Em18-, Em16-, Antigen B-Western blots, Em2plus-ELISA and four other tests for differential serodiagnosis of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis patients in Poland. Parasitology International 47, 9599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ito, A., Nakao, M., Ito, Y., Yuzawa, I., Morishima, H., Kawano, N. and Fujii, K. (1999 b). Neurocysticercosis case with a single cyst in the brain showing dramatic drop in specific antibody titers within 1 year after curative surgical resection. Parasitology International 48, 9599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, A., Nakao, M., Kutsumi, H., Lightowlers, M. W., Itoh, M. and Sato, S. (1993 a). Serodiagnosis of alveolar hydatid disease by western blotting. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87, 170172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, A., Nakao, M. and Sako, Y. (2007). Echinococcosis: serological detection of patients and molecular identification of parasites. Future Microbiology 2, 439449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, A., Nakao, M. and Wandra, T. (2003 b). Rapid review: human taeniasis and cysticercosis in Asia. Lancet 362, 19181920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ito, A., Okamoto, M., Li, T., Wandra, T., Dharmawan, N. S., Swastika, K. I., Dekumyoy, P., Kusolsuk, T., Davaajav, A., Davaasuren, A., Dorjsuren, T., Meconnen, S. M., Negasi, Z. H., Yanagida, T., Sako, Y., Nakao, M., Nakaya, K., Lavikainen, A. J., Nkouawa, A. and Mohammadzadeh, T. (2011 b). The first workshop on towards the control of cestode zoonoses in Asia and Africa. Parasites and Vectors 4, 114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, A., Plancarte, A., Ma, L., Kong, Y., Flisser, A., Cho, Y. S., Liu, Y. H., Kamhawi, S., Lightowlers, M. W. and Schantz, P. M. (1998 b). Novel antigens for neurocysticercosis: simple method for preparation and evaluation for serodiagnosis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 59, 291294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, A., Plancarte, A., Nakao, M., Nakaya, K., Ikejima, T., Piao, Z. X., Kanazawa, T. and Margono, S. S. (1999 a). ELISA and immunoblot using purified glycoproteins for serodiagnosis of cysticercosis in pigs naturally infected with Taenia solium. Journal of Helminthology 73, 363365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, A., Putra, M. I., Subahar, R., Sato, M. O., Okamoto, M., Sako, Y., Nakao, M., Yamasaki, H., Nakaya, K., Craig, P. S. and Margono, S. S. (2002 c). Dogs as alternative intermediate hosts of Taenia solium in Papua (Irian Jaya), Indonesia confirmed by highly specific ELISA and immunoblot using native and recombinant antigens and mitochondrial DNA analysis. Journal of Helminthology 76, 311314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, A., Sako, Y., Ishikawa, Y., Nakao, M., Nakaya, K. and Yamasaki, H. (2002 a). Differential serodiagnosis for alveolar echinococcosis by Em18-immunoblot and Em18-ELISA in Japan and China. In Cestode Zoonoses: Echinococcosis and Cysticercosis – An Emergent and Global Problem (ed. Craig, P. and Pawlowski, Z.), pp. 147155. IOS Press, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Ito, A., Sako, Y., Yamasaki, H., Mamuti, W., Nakaya, K., Nakao, M. and Ishikawa, Y. (2003 d). Development of Em18-immunoblot and Em18-ELISA for specific diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis. Acta Tropica 85, 173182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, A., Schantz, P. M. and Wilson, J. F. (1995). Em18, a new serodiagnostic marker for differentiation of active and inactive cases of alveolar hydatid disease. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 52, 4144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, A., Takayanagui, M. O., Sako, Y., Sato, M. O., Odashima, N. S., Yamasaki, H., Nakaya, K. and Nakao, M. (2006). Review: neurocysticercosis: the usefulness of highly specific serology and molecular confirmation of histopathologic specimens. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 37(Suppl. 3), 7481.Google ScholarPubMed
Ito, A., Urbani, C., Qiu, J. M., Vuitton, D. A., Qiu, D. C., Heath, D. D., Craig, P. S., Feng, Z. and Schantz, P. M. (2003 a). Control of echinococcosis and cysticercosis: a public health challenge to international cooperation in China. Acta Tropica 86, 317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, A., Wang, X. G. and Liu, Y. H. (1993 b). Differential serodiagnosis of alveolar and cystic hydatid disease in the People's Republic of China. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 49, 208213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, A., Wen, H., Craig, P. S., Ma, L., Nakao, M., Horii, T., Pang, X. L., Okamoto, M., Itoh, M., Osawa, Y., Wang, X. G. and Liu, Y. H. (1997). Antibody responses against Em18 and Em16 serodiagnostic markers in alveolar and cystic echinococcosis patients from northwest China. Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology 50, 1926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, A., Xiao, N., Liance, M., Sato, M. O., Sako, Y., Mamuti, W., Ishikawa, Y., Nakao, M., Yamasaki, H., Nakaya, K., Bardonnet, K., Bresson-Hadni, S. and Vuitton, D. A. (2002 b). Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with affinity-purified Em18 and ELISA with recombinant Em18 for differential diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis: results of a blind test. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40, 41614165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, A., Yanagida, T., Sako, Y., Nakao, M., Nakaya, K., Knapp, J. and Ishikawa, Y. (2011 a). Echinococcus and echinococcosis. In Molecular Detection of Human Parasitic Pathogens (ed. Liu, D.), pp. 249263. CRC Press, Boca Raton.Google Scholar
Jiang, L., Wen, H. and Ito, A. (2001). Immunodiagnostic differentiation of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis using ELISA test with 18-kDa antigen extracted from Echinococcus protoscoleces. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 95, 285288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, L., Zhang, Y. G., Liu, M. X. and Feng, Z. (2012). Analysis of the reactivity of five subunits of antigen B family in serodiagnosis of echinococcosis. Experimental Parasitology 131, 8591.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jongwietiwes, U., Yanagida, T., Ito, A. and Kline, S. (2011). Isolated intradural-extramedullary spinal cysticercosis: a case report. Journal of Travel Medicine 18, 284287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jung-Cook, H. (2012). Pharmacokinetic variability of anthelmintics: implications for the treatment of neurocysticercosis. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 5, 2130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaji, Y., Taniyama, H., Matsukawa, K., Okada, H., Tsunoda, S., Tagami, M. and Akita, H. (1993). First incidence of multilocular echinococcosis in a race horse in Japan. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 55, 869870.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawakami, H., Kuwatani, M. and Sakamoto, N. (2013). Hepatobiliary alveolar echinococcosis infiltration of the hepatic hilum diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration. Digestive Endoscopy 25, 339340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kern, P., Frosch, P., Helbig, M., Wechsler, J. G., Usadel, S., Beckh, K., Kunz, R., Lucius, R. and Frosch, M. (1995). Diagnosis of Echinococcus multilocularis infection by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Gastroenterology 109, 596600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimura, M., Toukairin, A., Tatezaki, H., Tanaka, S., Harada, K., Araiyama, I., Yamasaki, H., Sugiyama, H., Morishima, Y. and Kawanaka, M. (2010). Echinococcus multilocularis detected in slaughtered pigs in Aomori the northernmost prefecture of mainland Japan. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 63, 8081.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knapp, J., Chirica, M., Simonnet, C., Grenouillet, F., Bart, J. M., Sako, Y., Itoh, S., Nakao, M., Ito, A. and Millon, L. (2009). Echinococcus vogeli infection in a hunter, French Guyana. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15, 20292031.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knapp, J., Nakao, M., Yanagida, T., Okamoto, M., Saarma, U., Lavikainen, A. and Ito, A. (2011). Phylogenetic relationships within Echinococcus and Taenia tapeworms (Cestoda: Taeniidae): an inference from nuclear protein-coding genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61, 628638.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kobayashi, K., Nakamura-Uchiyama, F., Nishiguchi, T., Isoda, K., Kokubo, Y., Ando, K., Katurahara, M., Sako, Y., Yanagida, T., Ito, A., Iwabuchi, S. and Ohnishi, K. (2013). Rare case of disseminated cysticercosis and taeniasis in a Japanese traveler after returning from India. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, published online April 29, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konyaev, S., Yanagida, T., Nakao, M., Krivopalov, A., Abramov, S., Karpenko, S., Lopatina, N., Dupal, T., Lukmanova, G., Ingovatova, G., Odnokurtsev, V., Loskutova, K., Dokuchaev, N., Spiridonov, S., Tatyana, S., Andreyanov, O., Sako, Y. and Ito, A. (2013). Genetic diversity of Echinococcus spp. in Russia. Parasitology 140. in press.Google ScholarPubMed
Kumaratilake, L. M., Thompson, R. C., Eckert, J. and D'Alessandro, A. (1986). Sperm transfer in Echinococcus (Cestoda: Taeniidae). Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 72, 265269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, Y. M., Handali, S., Hancock, K., Pattabhi, S., Kovalenko, V. A., Levin, A., Lin, S., Scheel, C. M., Gonzalez, A. E., Gilman, R. H., Garcia, H. H. and Tsang, V. C. (2011). Serologic diagnosis of human Taenia solium cysticercosis by using recombinant and synthetic antigens in QuickELISA™. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84, 587593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, J., Zhang, W. B., Wilson, M., Ito, A. and McManus, D. P. (2003). A novel recombinant antigen for immunodiagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 188, 19511960.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, T., Chen, X., Zhen, R., Qiu, J., Qiu, D., Xiao, N., Ito, A., Wang, H., Giraudoux, P., Sako, Y., Nakao, M. and Craig, P. S. (2010 a). Widespread co-endemicity of human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis on the eastern Tibetan plateau, northwest Sichuan/southeast Qinghai, China. Acta Tropica 113, 248256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, T., Ito, A., Chen, X., Sako, Y., Qiu, J., Xiao, N., Qiu, D., Nakao, M., Yanagida, T. and Craig, P. S. (2010 b). Specific IgG responses to recombinant antigen B and Em18 in cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in China. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, 470475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liance, M., Janin, V., Bresson-Hadni, S., Vuitton, D. A., Houin, R. and Piarroux, R. (2000). Immunodiagnosis of Echinococcus infections: confirmatory testing and species differentiation by a new commercial western blot. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, 37183721.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lightowlers, M. W. (2006). Cestode vaccines: origins, current status and future prospects. Parasitology 133, S27S42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lightowlers, M. W. (2010 a). Fact or hypothesis: concomitant immunity in taeniid cestode infections. Parasite Immunology 32, 582589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lightowlers, M. W. (2010 b). Fact or hypothesis: Taenia crassiceps as a model for Taenia solium, and the S3Pvac vaccine. Parasite Immunology 32, 701709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lightowlers, M. W. (2010 c). Eradication of Taenia solium cysticercosis: a role for vaccination of pigs. International Journal for Parasitology 40, 11831192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lightowlers, M. W. (2013). Control of Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis: past practices and new possibilities. Parasitology 140, in press.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lymbery, A. J., Hobbs, R. P. and Thompson, R. C. (1989). The dispersion of Echinococcus granulosus in the intestine of dogs. Journal of Parasitology 75, 562570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mamunti, W., Sako, Y., Bart, J. M., Nakao, M., Ma, X., Wen, H. and Ito, A. (2007). Molecular characterization of a novel gene encoding an 8-kDa-subunit of antigen B from Echinococcus granulosus genotypes 1 and 6. Parasitology International 56, 313316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mamuti, W., Yamasaki, H., Sako, Y., Nakaya, K., Nakao, M., Lightowlers, M. W. and Ito, A. (2002). Usefulness of hydatid cyst fluid of Echinococcus granulosus developed in mice with secondary infection for serodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in humans. Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 9, 573576.Google ScholarPubMed
Margono, S. S., Ito, A., Sato, M. O., Okamoto, M., Subahar, R., Yamasaki, H., Hamid, A., Wandra, T., Purba, W. H., Nakaya, K., Ito, M., Craig, P. S. and Suroso, T. (2003). Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in Papua, Indonesia in 2001: detection of human worm carriers. Journal of Helminthology 77, 3942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McFadden, A. M. J., Heath, D. D., Morley, C. M. and Dorny, P. (2011). Investigation of an outbreak of Taenia saginata cysts (cysticercus bovis) in dairy cattle from two farms. Veterinary Parasitology 176, 177184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohammadzadeh, T., Sako, Y., Sadjjadi, S. M., Sarkari, B. and Ito, A. (2012). Comparison of the usefulness of hydatid cyst fluid, native antigen B and recombinant antigen B8/1 for serological diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 106, 371375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montresor, A. and Palmer, K. (2006). Taeniasis/cysticercosis trend worldwide and rational for control. Parasitology International 55, S301S303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morel, N., Lasssabe, G., Elola, S., Bondard, M., Herrera, S., Mari, C., Last, J. A., Jensen, O. and Gonzalez-Sapienza, G. (2013). A monoclonal antibody-based copro-ELISA kit for canine echinococcosis to support the PAHO effort for hydatid disease control in South America. PLoS Neglected Tropical Disease 7, e1967.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Müller, N., Frei, E., Nuñez, S. and Gottstein, B. (2007). Improved serodiagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis of humans using an in vitro-produced Echinococcus multilocularis antigen. Parasitology 134, 879888.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mwape, K. E., Phiri, I. K., Praet, N., Speyboreck, N., Muma, J. B., Dorny, P. and Gabriël, S. (2013). The incidence of human cysticercosis in a rural community of eastern Zambia. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 7, e2142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakao, M., Lavikainen, A., Iwaki, T., Haukisalmi, V., Konyaev, S., Oku, Y., Okamoto, M. and Ito, A. (2013 b). Molecular phylogeny of the genus Taenia (Cestoda: Taeniidae): Proposals for the resurrection of Hydatigera Lamarck, 1816 and the creation of a new genus Versteria. International Journal for Parasitology 43, 427437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakao, M., McManus, D. P., Schantz, P. M., Craig, P. S. and Ito, A. (2007). The molecular phylogeny of Echinococcus tapeworms based on complete mitochondrial genomic sequences. Parasitology 134, 713722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakao, M., Sako, Y. and Ito, A. (2003). Isolation of polymorphic microsatellite loci from the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 3, 159163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakao, M., Xiao, N., Okamoto, M., Yanagida, T., Sako, Y. and Ito, A. (2009). Geographic pattern of genetic variation in the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. Parasitology International 58, 384389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakao, M., Yanagida, T., Konyaev, S., Lavikainen, A., Ondokurtsev, V., Zaikov, V. and Ito, A. (2013 a). Mitochondrial phylogeny of the genus Echinococcus (Cestoda: Taeniidae) with emphasis on relationships among Echinococcus canadensis genotypes. Parasitology 140, in press.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakao, M., Yanagida, T., Okamoto, M., Knapp, J., Nkouawa, A., Sako, Y. and Ito, A. (2010). State-of-the-Art Echinococcus and Taenia: phylogenetic taxonomy and its application to molecular diagnosis. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 10, 444452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nash, T. E. and Garcia, H. H. (2011). Diagnosis and treatment of neurocysticercosis. Nature Reviews. Neurology 7, 584594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nirmalan, N. and Craig, P. S. (1997). Immunoblot evaluation of the species-specificity of Em18 and Em16 antigens for serodiagnosis of human alveolar echinococcosis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 91, 484486.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nkouawa, A., Sako, Y., Itoh, S., Kouojip-Mabou, A., Nganou, C. N., Saijo, Y., Knapp, J., Yamasaki, H., Nakao, M., Nakaya, K., Moyou-Somo, R. and Ito, A. (2011). Serological studies of neurologic helminthic infections in rural areas of southwest Cameroon: toxocariasis, cysticercosis and paragonimiasis. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 6, e732.Google Scholar
Nkouawa, A., Sako, Y., Li, T., Chen, X., Nakao, M., Yanagida, T., Okamoto, M., Giraudoux, P., Raoul, F., Nakaya, K., Xiao, N., Qiu, J., Qiu, D., Craig, P. S. and Ito, A. (2012). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for a differential identification of Taenia tapeworms from human: application to a field survey. Parasitology International 61, 723725.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nkouawa, A., Sako, Y., Li, T., Chen, X., Wandra, T., Swastika, K., Nakao, M., Yanagida, T., Nakaya, K., Qiu, D. and Ito, A. (2010). Evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification method using fecal specimens for differential detection of Taenia species. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 48, 33503352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nkouawa, A., Sako, Y., Nakao, M., Nakaya, K. and Ito, A. (2009). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for differentiation and rapid detection of Taenia species. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 47, 168174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nonaka, N., Iida, M., Yagi, K., Ito, T., Ooi, H. K., Oku, Y. and Kamiya, M. (1996). Time course of coproantigen excretion in Echinococcus multilocularis infections in foxes and an alternative definitive host, golden hamsters. International Journal for Parasitology 26, 12711278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obal, G., Ramos, A. L., Silva, V., Lima, A., Battyany, C., Bessio, M. I., Ferreira, F., Salinas, G. and Ferreira, A. M. (2012). Characterisation of the native lipid moiety of Echinococcus granulosus antigen B. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 6, e1642.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okamoto, M., Nakao, M., Blair, D., Anantaphruti, M. T., Waikagul, J. and Ito, A. (2010). Evidence of hybridization between Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica. Parasitology International 59, 7074.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pawlowski, Z. S. (2006). Role of chemotherapy of taeniasis in prevention of neurocysticercosis. Parasitology International 55, S105S109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raoul, F., Deplazes, P., Nonaka, N., Piarroux, R., Vuitton, D. A. and Giraudoux, P. (2001). Assessment of the epidemiological status of Echinococcus multilocularis in foxes in France using ELISA coprotests on fox faeces collected in the field. International Journal for Parasitology 31, 15791588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sako, Y., Nakao, M., Ikejima, T., Piao, X. Z., Nakaya, K. and Ito, A. (2000). Molecular characterization and diagnostic value of Taenia solium low-molecular-weight antigen genes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, 44394444.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sako, Y., Nakao, M., Nakaya, K., Yamasaki, H., Gottstein, B., Lightowlers, M. W., Schantz, P. M. and Ito, A. (2002). Alveolar echinococcosis: characterization of diagnostic antigen Em18 and serological evaluation of recombinant Em18. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40, 27602765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sako, Y., Tappe, D., Fukuda, K., Kobayashi, Y., Itoh, S., Frosch, M., Grüner, B., Kern, P. and Ito, A. (2011). An immunochromatographic test with recombinant Em18 antigen for the follow-up study of alveolar echinococcosis. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, 13021305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sako, Y., Itoh, S., Okamoto, M., Nakaya, K. and Ito, A. (2013). Simple and reliable preparation of immunodiagnostic antigens from Taenia solium cyst fluids. Parasitology 140, in press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salim, L., Ang, A., Handali, S., Cysticercosis Working Group in Papua and Tsang, V. C. (2009). Seroepidemiologic survey of cysticercosis-taeniasis in four central highland districts of Papua, Indonesia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80, 384388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santivañez, S. J., Arias, P., Portocarrero, M., Rodriguez, S., Gonzalez, A. E., Gilman, R. H., Gavidia, C. M. and Garcia, H. H. (2012). Serological diagnosis of lung cystic hydatid disease using the synthetic p176 peptide. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 19, 944947.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santos, G. B., Soares, M. de C. P., Brito, E. M. de F., Rodrigues, A. L., Siqueira, N. G., Gomes-Gouvêa, M. S., Alves, M. M., Carneiro, L. A., Malheiros, A. P., Póvoa, M. M., Zaha, A. and Haag, K. L. (2012). Motochondrial and nuclear sequence polymorphisms reveal geographic structuring in Amazonian populations of Echinococcus vogeli (Cestoda: Taeniidae). International Journal for Parasitology 42, 11151118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sato, M. O., Yamasaki, H., Sako, Y., Nakao, M., Nakaya, K., Plancarte, A., Kassuku, A. A., Dorny, P., Geerts, S., Benitz-Orgiz, W., Hashiguchi, Y. and Ito, A. (2003). Evaluation of tongue inspection and serology for diagnosis of Taenia solium cysticercosis in swine: usefulness of ELISA using purified glycoproteins and recombinant antigen. Veterinary Parasitology 111, 309322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schantz, P. M. (2006). Progress in diagnosis, treatment and elimination of echinococcosis and cysticercosis. Parasitology International 55, S7S13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schantz, P. M., Cruz, M., Sarti, E. and Pawlowski, Z. (1993). Potential eradicability of taeniasis and cysticercosis. Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization 27, 397403.Google ScholarPubMed
Serpa, J. A., Graviss, E. A., Kass, J. S. and White, A. C. Jr. (2011). Neurocysticercosis in Houston, Texas: an update. Medicine (Baltimore) 90, 8186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siles-Lucas, M. M. and Gottstein, B. (2001). Molecular tools for the diagnosis of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis. Tropical Medicine and International Health 6, 463475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simanjuntak, G. M., Margono, S. S., Okamoto, M. and Ito, A. (1997). Taeniasis/cysticercosis in Indonesia as an emerging disease. Parasitology Today 13, 321323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snabel, V., Altintas, N., D'Amelio, S., Nakao, M., Romig, T., Yolasigmaz, A., Gunes, K., Turk, M., Busi, M., Huttner, D., Sevcova, D., Ito, A., Altintas, N. and Dubinsky, P. (2009). Cystic echinococcosis in Turkey: genetic variability and first record of the pig strain (G7) in the country. Parasitology Research 105, 145154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sorvillo, F., Wilkins, P., Shafir, S. and Ebenbard, M. (2011). Public health implications of cysticercosis acquired in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, 16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Subahar, R., Hamid, A., Purba, W., Wandra, T., Karma, C., Sako, Y., Margono, S. S., Craig, P. S. and Ito, A. (2001). Taeniasis solium infection in Irian Jaya (West Papua), Indonesia: a pilot serological survey of human and porcine cysticercosis in Jayawijaya District. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 95, 388390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swastika, K., Dewiyani, C. I., Yanagida, T., Sako, Y., Sudamaja, M., Sutisna, P., Wandra, T., Dharmawan, N. S., Nakaya, K., Okamoto, M. and Ito, A. (2012). An ocular cysticercosis in Bali, Indonesia caused by Taenia solium Asian genotype. Parasitology International 61, 378380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takayanagui, O. M., Odashima, N. S., Bonato, P. S., Lima, J. E. and Lanchote, V. L. (2011). Medical management of neurocysticercosis. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 12, 28452856.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tappe, D., Grüner, B., Kern, P. and Frosch, M. (2008). Evaluation of a commercial Echinococcus western blot assay for serological follow-up of patients with alveolar echinococcosis. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 15, 16331637.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tappe, D., Sako, Y., Itoh, S., Frosch, M., Grüner, B., Kern, P. and Ito, A. (2010). Immunoglobulin G subclass responses to recombinant Em18 in the follow-up of patients with alveolar echinococcosis in different clinical stages. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, 944948.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tappe, D., Sako, Y., Itoh, S., Frosch, M., Grüner, B., Reuter, S., Nakao, M., Ito, A. and Kern, P. (2009). Close correlation of clinical regression and specific serology in the follow-up of patients with alveolar echinococcosis in different clinical stages. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80, 792797.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, R. C. and Eckert, J. (1983). Observation on Echinococcus multilocularis in the definitive host. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 69, 335345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsang, V. C., Brand, J. A. and Boyer, A. E. (1989). An enzyme-linked immunoelectro transfer blot assay and glycoprotein antigens for diagnosing human cysticercosis (Taenia solium). Journal of Infectious Diseases 159, 5059.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ueno, M., Kuroda, N., Yahagi, K., Ohtaki, T. and Kawanaka, M. (2012). Analysis of antibody responses by commercial western blot assay in horses infected with alveolar echinococcosis. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Science 74, 813815.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wandra, T., Subahar, R., Simanjuntak, G. M., Margono, S. S., Suroso, T., Okamoto, M., Nakao, M., Sako, Y., Nakaya, K., Schantz, P. M. and Ito, A. (2000). Resurgence of cases of epileptic seizures and burns associated with cysticercosis in Assologaima, Jayawijaya, Irian Jaya, Indonesia, 1991–95. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 94, 4650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wandra, T., Sudewi, R. A. A., Swastika, I. K., Sutisna, P., Dharmawan, N. S., Yulfi, H., Darlan, D. M., Kapti, I. N., Samaan, G., Sato, M. O., Okamoto, M., Sako, Y. and Ito, A. (2011). Taeniasis/cysticercosis in Bali, Indonesia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 42, 793802.Google ScholarPubMed
Wandra, T., Ito, A., Swastika, K., Dharmawan, N. S., Sako, Y. and Okamoto, M. (2013). The past and present situation of taeniases and cysticercosis in Indonesia. Parasitology 140, in press.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wen, H. and Craig, P. S. (1994). Immunoglobulin G subclass responses in human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 51, 741748.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xiao, N., Mamuti, W., Yamasaki, H., Sako, Y., Nakao, M., Nakaya, K., Gottstein, B., Schantz, P. M., Lightowlers, M. W., Craig, P. S. and Ito, A. (2003). Evaluation of use of recombinant Em18 and affinity-purified Em18 for serological differentiation of alveolar echinococcosis from cystic echinococcosis and other parasitic infections. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 41, 33513353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xiao, N., Qiu, J., Nakao, M., Li, T., Yang, W., Chen, X., Schantz, P. M., Craig, P. S. and Ito, A. (2005). Echinococcus shiquicus n. sp., a taeniid cestode from Tibetan foxes and plateau pikas in China. International Journal for Parasitology 35, 693701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamamoto, N., Morishima, Y., Kon, M., Yamaguchi, M., Tanno, S., Koyama, M., Maeno, N., Azuma, H., Mizusawa, H., Kimura, H., Sugiyama, H., Arakawa, K. and Kawanaka, M. (2006). The first reported case of a dog infected with Echinococcus multilocularis in Saitama prefecture, Japan. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 59, 351352.Google ScholarPubMed
Yamane, K., Suzuki, Y., Tachi, E., Li, T. Y., Chen, X. W., Nakao, M., Nkouawa, A., Yanagida, T., Sako, Y., Ito, A., Sato, H. and Okamoto, M. (2012). Recent hybridization between Taenia asiatica and Taenia saginata. Parasitology International 61, 351355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamane, K., Yanagida, T., Li, T., Chen, X., Dekumyoy, P., Waikagul, J., Nkouawa, A., Nakao, M., Sako, Y., Ito, A., Sato, H. and Okamoto, M. (2013). Complicated relationships between Taenia saginata, Taenia asiatica and their hybrids. Parasitology 140, in press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamano, K., Yagi, K., Furuya, K., Sawada, Y., Honma, H. and Sato, N. (2005). Active alveolar hydatidosis with sero-negativity for antibody to the 18 kDa antigen. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 58, 122124.Google Scholar
Yamasaki, H. (2013). Current status and perspectives of cysticercosis and taeniasis in Japan. Korean Journal of Parasitology 51, 1929.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamasaki, H., Allan, J. C., Sato, M. O., Nakao, M., Sako, Y., Nakaya, K., Qiu, D. C., Mamuti, W., Craig, P. S. and Ito, A. (2004). DNA differential diagnosis of taeniasis/cysticercosis by multiplex PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42, 548553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yanagida, T., Yuzawa, I., Joshi, D. D., Sako, Y., Nakao, M., Nakaya, K., Kawano, N., Oka, H., Fujii, K. and Ito, A. (2010). Neurocysticercosis: assessing where the infection was acquired? Journal of Travel Medicine 17, 206208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yanagida, T., Sako, Y., Nakao, M., Nakaya, K. and Ito, A. (2012). Mini review: taeniasis and cysticercosis due to Taenia solium in Japan. Parasites and Vectors 5, 18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Y. R., Craig, P. S., Ito, A., Vuitton, D. A., Giraudoux, P., Sun, T., Williams, G. M., Huang, Z., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Teng, J., Li, Y., Huang, L., Wen, H., Jones, M. K. and McManus, D. P. (2007). A correlative studies of ultrasound with serology in an area in China co-endemic for human alveolar and cystic echinococcosis. Tropical Medicine and International Health 12, 637646.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, S. H., Wang, H., Wu, X. H., Ma, X., Liu, P. Y., Liu, Y. F., Zhao, Y. M., Morishima, Y. and Kawanaka, M. (2008). Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 61, 242246.Google Scholar