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Sex and Eimeria: a molecular perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 August 2013

ROBERT A. WALKER ,
DAVID J. P. FERGUSON ,
CATHERINE M. D. MILLER  and
NICHOLAS C. SMITH
ROBERT A. WALKER
Affiliation:
Queensland Tropical Health Alliance Research Laboratory, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield QLD 4878, Australia
DAVID J. P. FERGUSON
Affiliation:
Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
CATHERINE M. D. MILLER
Affiliation:
School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield QLD 4878, Australia
NICHOLAS C. SMITH*
Affiliation:
Queensland Tropical Health Alliance Research Laboratory, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield QLD 4878, Australia
*
*Corresponding author: Queensland Tropical Health Alliance Research Laboratory, Building E4, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD 4878, Australia. E-mail: nicholas.smith@jcu.edu.au
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Summary

Eimeria is a common genus of apicomplexan parasites that infect diverse vertebrates, most notably poultry, causing serious disease and economic loss. Like all apicomplexans, eimerians have a complex life cycle characterized by asexual divisions that amplify the parasite population in preparation for sexual reproduction. This can be divided into three events: gametocytogenesis, producing gametocytes from merozoites; gametogenesis, producing microgametes and macrogametes from gametocytes; and fertilization of macrogametes by microgametes, producing diploid zygotes with ensuing meiosis completing the sexual phase. Sexual development in Eimeria depends on the differential expression of stage-specific genes, rather than presence or absence of sex chromosomes. Thus, it involves the generation of specific structures and, implicitly, storage of proteins and regulation of protein expression in macrogametes, in preparation for fertilization. In Eimeria, the formation of a unique, resilient structure, the oocyst wall, is essential for completion of the sexual phase and parasite transmission. In this review, we piece together the molecular events that underpin sexual reproduction in Eimeria and use additional details from analogous events in Plasmodium to fill current knowledge gaps. The mechanisms governing sexual stage formation and subsequent fertilization may represent targets for counteracting parasite transmission.

Keywords

EimeriaCoccidiaApicomplexamacrogametemicrogameteoocyst
Type
Review Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 140 , Issue 14 , December 2013 , pp. 1701 - 1717
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

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