Toxicity of cadmium and zinc to cercarial tail loss in Diplostomum spathaceum (Trematoda: Diplostomidae)

Abstract

The effect of cadmium and zinc at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10000 μg/l on tail loss in cercariae of Diplostomum spathaceum was investigated at 3 temperatures (12, 20 and 25 °C) and 3 levels of water hardness (distilled water, soft water and hard water). Increasing tail loss over time was found to be linked with a parallel decrease in cercarial survival in controls. Exposure to the heavy metals induced, especially at high concentrations, a change in the relationship between cercarial tail loss and survival, causing either stimulation or inhibition of tail loss dependent on the individual toxic exposure. Under most environmental conditions the rate of tail loss over time was reduced by increasing metal concentrations. Inhibition of tail loss occurred in a limited number of both control and metal-exposed cercariae, with a number of low metal concentrations inducing greater inhibition than in controls. Stimulation of tail loss causing an increased tail loss rate above controls also occurred at certain high metal concentrations. Increasing water hardness and decreasing water temperature caused a reduced tail loss rate over time in both control and metal-exposed cercariae. However, with decreasing temperature a reduced rate of tail loss over time in metal-exposed cercariae compared to controls occurred at some low metal concentrations. When tail loss was compared against cercarial death of the experimental population toxic exposure induced changes in the parallel relationship of these parameters, dependent on individual metal concentration, water temperature and hardness. Differences in the relative effects of cadmium and zinc on cercariae were dependent on the environmental conditions of exposure. Both metals showed limited effects during the period of maximum cercarial infectivity (0–5 h). The mechanisms and importance of metal toxicity to cercarial tail loss are discussed.