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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 March 2022
Recent advances in quantum physics have led to a renewal of interest in the problem of human freedom and in the wider problem of indeterminism. It is important to recognize, however, that if every denial of determinism is to be called indeterminism, the latter term covers a wide range of logically distinguishable positions. We should perhaps speak in the plural number of indeterminisms rather than of indeterminism. For determinism may be defined, simply, as the doctrine that every event has a cause; or we may add that the effect is always uniquely determined; or that when the effect is complex it can always be exhaustively analyzed into components each of which is the effect of a component of the cause; or that every cause directly or indirectly includes the entire universe. And in the case of each of these, or of still other interpretations of determinism, the denial would be a form of indeterminism.
1 Cf. Miller, D. S., Journal of Philosophy, Vol. XXXIII, No. 12; Hobart, E. A., Mind, Vol. XLIII, pp. 1-27; and McGilvary, E. B., International Journal of Ethics, Vol. XLV, pp. 379-398.
2 Cf. Mill. J. S., A System of Logic, Book III, Chapter X.
3 Cf. Mill, Op. cit., Book III, Chapter V.
4 Cf. McGilvary, Op. cit.; also Drake, D., Invitation to Philosophy, pp. 403ff.
5 Op. cit., Book III, Chapter VI.
6 Vol. III, p. 242, translated by Stanton Coit.
7 Op. cit., Vol. I, p. 277.
8 See Pragmatism, pp. 118ff.
9 Cf. Hobart, E. A., Mind, Vol. XLIII, p. 1.