Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T18:41:41.309Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Medicinal and nutraceutical genetic resources of mushrooms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 February 2007

T.N. Lakhanpal  and
Monika Rana
T.N. Lakhanpal*
Affiliation:
Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla-171 005, India
Monika Rana
Affiliation:
Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla-171 005, India
*
*Corresponding author: E-mail: tezlakhanpal@rediffmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Mushrooms are the fungi that have been used as food since time immemorial. Nutritionally they are a valuable source of health food, which is low in calories, and rich in carbohydrates, essential amino acids, fibre, important vitamins and minerals. Mushrooms have also been used in medicine for centuries in the Orient but their potential as health potentiators and elicitors of immune system is recent. In the last two decades there has been an upsurge on the use of mushrooms as nutraceuticals and many edible species have been thoroughly investigated and authenticated for medicinal use. The species that have been properly analysed for medicinal value are: Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi), Lentinus edodes (Shiitake), Grifola frondosa (Maitake), Agaricus blazei (Hime-matsutake), Cordyceps militaris (Caterpillar fungus), Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom) and Hericium erinaceous (Lions mane). There are many more species of cultivated and wild edible and non-edible mushrooms that have been analysed for both their nutritional and nutraceutical components but to a lesser extent than those listed above. The active constituents found in mushrooms are polysaccharides, dietary fibres, oligosaccharides, triterpenoids, peptides and proteins, alcohols and phenols, and mineral elements such as zinc, copper, iodine, selenium and iron, vitamins, amino acids etc. These have been found to boost the immune system, have anti-cancerous properties, act as anti-hypercholesterolaemic and hepato-protective agents, show anti-HIV activity and anti-viral activity, and ameliorate the toxic effect of chemo- and radiotherapy. Many of the species are known to be aphrodisiacs. Many commercial products from these mushrooms are available in the market. Prominent among these are: Lentinan from Lentinus edodes, Concord Sunchih and Reishi Plus from Ganoderma lucidum, Grifon from Grifola frondosa and Didanosine from Cordyceps militaris. The nutraceuticals have been found to relieve the stress and pressure of modern society by stimulating both basic and secondary immune responses of the immune system. There are more than 5000 species of mushrooms recorded from all over the world out of which around 2000 are identified as edible. A large number of the species are yet to be analysed for their nutraceutical/medicinal potential.

Keywords

anti-cancerous agentsbioactive compoundsfunctional foodsimmunomodulatorsmedicinal mushroomsmushroomnutraceutical mushroomsnutraceuticals
Type
Research Article
Information
Plant Genetic Resources , Volume 3 , Issue 2 , August 2005 , pp. 288 - 303
Copyright
Copyright © NIAB 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adachi, K, Nanba, H and Kuroda, H (1987) Potentiation of host-mediated antitumor activity in mice by beta glucan obtained from Grifola frondosa (Maitake). Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 35: 262–270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adachi, K, Nanba, H, Otsuka, M and Kuroda, H (1988) Blood pressure lowering activity present in the fruit body of Grifola frondosa, (Maitake) I. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 36: 1000–1006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amagnase, H (1987) Treatment of Hepatitis B patients with Lentinus edodes mycelium. In: Proceedings of the XII International Conference of GastroenterologyLisbon.Google Scholar
Beelman, RB and Simons, SS (1996) Influence of selected cultural factors on relative tyrosinase activity in cultivated mushrooms. In: Royse, DJ (ed). Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Product. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference. Philadephia: Pennsylvania State University, pp. 543–551.Google Scholar
Beelman, RB, Daniel, JR and Chikthimmah, N (2003) Bioactive components in Button mushroom Agaricus bisporus (J. Lange) Imbach (Agaricomycetidae) of nutritional, medicinal, and biological importance. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 5: 1–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biesalski, HK (2001) Nutraceuticals: the link between nutrition and medicine. In: Kramer, K, Hoppe, PP, Packer, L (eds) Nutraceuticals in Health and Disease Prevention, New York: Marcel Decker, 1–26.Google Scholar
Bok, JW, Lermer, L, Chilton, J, Klingeman, HG and Towers, GH (1999) Antitumor sterols from the mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis. Photochemistry 51: 891–898.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borchers, A, Stern, J, Hackman, C and Gershwin, M (1999) Mushrooms, tumours, and immunity. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 221: 281–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breen, WM (1990) Nutritional and medicinal value of speciality mushrooms. Journal of Food Protection 53: 883–894.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassileth, BR (2000) Complementary therapies: the American experience. Supportive care. Cancer 8: 16–23.Google Scholar
Chang, AW and Miles, PG (1996) Biomedical research and the application of mushrooms nutriceuticals from Ganoderma lucidum. In: Royse, DJMushroom Biology and Mushroom Products, Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University, pp. 153–159.Google Scholar
Chang, H and But, P (1986) Pharmacology and Application of Chinese Materia Medica. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, 642–653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, R (1993) Limitations and potential applications of Ganoderma and related fungal polyglycans in clinical ontology. In: Chang, ST, Buswell, JA, Chiu, SW (ed.) Mushrooms Biology and Mushroom Products, Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.Google Scholar
Chang, ST (1993) Mushroom biology: the impact on mushroom production and mushroom products. In: Chang, ST, Buswell, JA, Chiu, SW (eds) Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products, Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 3–20.Google Scholar
Chang, ST and Buswell, JA (1996) Mushroom nutriceuticals. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 12: 473–476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, Q (1989) Antilipemic effect of polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula, Tremella fuciformis and T. fuciformis spores. Zhongguo Yaoke Daxue Xuebae 20: 344–347.Google Scholar
Chen, RY and Yu, DQ (1993) Studies on the triterpenoid constituents of the spores from Ganoderma lucidum Krast. Journal of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2: 91–96.Google Scholar
Chen, YJ, Shiao, MS, Lee, SS and Wang, SY (1997) Effect of Cordyceps sinensis on the proliferation and differentiation of human leukemic U937 cells. Life Sciences 60: 2349–2359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chihara, G, Maeda, YY, Hamuro, J, Sasaki, T and Fukuoka, F (1969) Inhibition of mouse Sarcoma 180 by polysaccharides from Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. Nature 222: 687–688.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chihara, G, Hamuro, J, Maeda, YY, Arai, Y and Fukuoka, F (1970) Fractionation and purification of the polysaccharides with marked antitumor activity especially Lentinan from Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing (an edible mushroom). Cancer Research 30: 2776–2781.Google ScholarPubMed
Choi, HS, Cho, HY, Yang, HC, Ra, KS, Suh, HJ (2001) Angiorensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor from Grifola frondosa. International Food Research 3: 177–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chu, KK, Ho, SS, Chow, AH (2002) Coriolus versicolor: a medicinal mushroom with promising immunotherapeutic values. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 42: 976–984.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cichoke, A (1994) Maitake: the king of mushrooms. Townsend Letter for Doctors 432–434.Google Scholar
Clark, LC, Combs, GF, Turnbull, BW, Slate, EH, Chalker, DK, Chow, J, Davis, LS, Glover, RA, Graham, GF, Gross, EG, Krongrad, A, Lesher, JL, Park, HK, Sanders, BB, Smithm, CL and Taylor, JR (1996) Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention on patients with carcinoma of the skin. Journal of the American Medicine Association 276: 1957–1963.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cochran, KW (1978) Medical effects. In: Chang, ST, Hayes, WA (eds) The Biology and Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms. New York: Academic Press, pp. 160 –187.Google Scholar
Ding, G (1987) Anti-arrhythmia agents in traditional Chinese medicines. Abstracts of Chinese Medicines 1: 287–308.Google Scholar
Fujimiya, Y, Suzuki, Y, Oshiman, K, Kobori, K, Morigushi, K, Nakashima, H, Matumoto, Y, Takahara, S, Ebina, T and Katakura, R (1998) Selective tumoricidal effect of soluble proteoglucan extracted from the basidiomycete, Agaricus blazei Murill, mediated via natural killer cell activation and apoptosis. Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy 46: 147–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fukushima, M (1989) The overdose of drugs in Japan. Nature 342: 850–851.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gao, YH (2000) The Miracle Herb: Scientific Reports of Ganoderma. Taipei: Yuangizai Publisher.Google Scholar
Gunde-Cimerman, N (1999) Medicinal value of the genus Pleurotus (Fr.) P. Karst. (Agaricales S.R., Basidiomycetes). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 1: 69–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunde-Cimerman, N and Cimerman, A (1995) Pleurotus fruiting bodies contain the inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3,3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme, a reductase-lovastatin. Experimental Mycology 19: 1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, DZ (1984) Preliminary observation on carboxyl-methyl Poria cocos polysaccharide (CMPLP) in treating chronic viral hepatitis. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 4: 4 282Google Scholar
Guo, YZ (1986) Medicinal, chemistry, pharmacology and clinical applications of fermented mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis and Jin Shu Bao capsule. Journal of Modern Diagnostic and Therapeutics 1: 60–65.Google Scholar
Guowei, D, Bao, T, Xu, C, Cooper, R, Jia, Xi Z (2001) Cordy Max™ Cs-4 improves steady-state bioenergy status in mouse liver. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 7: 231–240.Google Scholar
Gurbe, BJ, Eng, ET, Kao, YC, Kwon, A and Chen, S (2001) White button mushroom phytochemicals inhibit aromatase activity and breast cancer cell proliferation. Journal of Nutrition 131: 3288–3293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatavani, N (2001) Antibacterial effect of the culture fluid of Lentinus edodes mycelium grown in submerged liquid culture. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 17: 71–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helpern, MG and Miller, AH (2002) Medicinal Mushrooms: Ancient Remedies for Modern Ailments, New York: M. Evans and Company.Google Scholar
Hikino, H, Konno, C, Mirin, Y and Hayashi, T (1986) Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of Ganoderans A and B, glycans of Ganoderma lucidum fruit bodies. Planta Medica 4: 339–340.Google Scholar
Hirotani, M and Ito, C (1986) Ganoderic acids T S, and R, new triterpenoids from the cultured mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 34: 2282–2285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hishida, I, Nanba, H and Kuroda, H (1988) Antitumor activity exhibited by orally administered extract from fruit body of Grifola frondosa (maitake). Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 36: 1819–1827.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hobbs, C (1986) Medicinal Mushrooms: An Exploration of Traditional Healing and Culture. Santa Cruz, CA: Botanica Press, 81–82.Google Scholar
Hobbs, C (1995) Medicinal Mushrooms: An Exploration of Traditional Healing and Culture, Santa Cruz, CA: Botanica Press.Google Scholar
Hokama, Y and Hokama, JL (1981) In vitro inhibition of platelet aggregation with low dalton compounds from aqueous dialysates of edible fungi. Research Communications in Chemistry, Pathology and Pharmacology 31: 17–180.Google ScholarPubMed
Holliday, J, Cleaver, P, Loomis Powers, M and Patel, D (2004) Analysis of quality and techniques for hybridisation of medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 6: 147–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ikekawa, J, Uehara, N, Maeda, Y, Nakamishi, M and Fukuoka, F (1968) Antitumor action of some basidiomycetes, especially Phellinus linteus. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research (Gann.) 59: 155–157.Google Scholar
Ikekawa, T (1995) Enokitake, Flammulina velutipes: antitumour activity of the extracts and polysaccharides. International Food Review 11: 203–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ikekawa, T, Uehara, N, Maeda, Y, Nakamishi, M and Fukuoka, F (1985) Proflamin, a new antitumor agent: preparation, physiochemical properties and antitumor activity. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research (Gann.) 76: 142–148.Google Scholar
Ikekawa, J, Uehara, N, Maeda, Y, Nakamishi, M and Fukuoka, F (1969) Antitumor activity of aqueous extract of some edible mushrooms. Cancer Research 29: 734–735.Google ScholarPubMed
Ito, H, Sugiura, M and Maizaki, T (1973) Studies on antitumor activity of basidiomycetes polysaccharide IV. Antitumor effect of fungal and bacterial polysaccharide on mouse tumors. Journal of Medicine Medica 23: 117–127.Google Scholar
Ito, W and Sugawara, I (1990) Immunopharmacological study of sulphated Schizophyllan (SPG) 1. Its action as a mitogen anti-HIV agent. International Journal of Immunopharmcology 12: 225–233.Google Scholar
Jacobson, JS, Workman, SB and Korenberg, F (2000) Research on complementary/alternative medicine for patients with breast cancer: a review of the biomedical literature. Journal of Clinical Oncology 18: 668–683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jia-Shi-Zhu, and and James, R (2004) On the trial of Yak: ancient Cordyceps in modern world. Presented at the American Physiological Society's (APS) annual conference, Experimental Biology 2003, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Jones, K (1998) Maitake: a potent medicinal food. Alternative & Complementary Therapies 4: 420–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jong, SC and Birmingham, JM (1992) Medicinal benefits of the mushroom Ganoderma. Advancement in Applied Microbiology 37: 101–134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jong, SC and Birmingham, JM (1993) Medicinal and therapeutic value of the Shiitake mushroom. Advancement in Applied Microbiology 39: 153–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kabir, Y and Kimura, S (1989) Dietary mushrooms reduce blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 35: 91–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kabir, Y, Yamaguchi, M and Kimura, S (1989) Effect of shiitake and maitake mushrooms on blood pressure and plasma lipids of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 33: 341–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanayama, H, Yu, KW, Su, HJ and Choi, YM (1983) A new polysaccharide from the mycelia of Poria cocos Wolf. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 31: 1115–1118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kawagishi, H (1995) Mushroom lectins. Food Review International 11: 63–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kibarara, N, Soejuna, K and Nakamura, T (1976) Postoperative long-term chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Japanese Journal of Surgery 6: 54–59.Google Scholar
Kidds, PM (2000) The use of mushroom glucans and proteoglycans in cancer treatment. Alternate Medicinal Review 5: 4–26.Google Scholar
Kiho, T, Merimoto, H, Kobayashi, T, Usiu, S, Ukai, S, Aizawa, K and Inkuma, T (2000) Effect of polysaccharide (TAAP) from the fruiting bodies of Tremella aurantia on glucose metabolism in mouse liver. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 64: 417–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, MJ, Kim, HW and Choi, EC (1993) Anti-HIV activity of Ganoderma lucidum. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264: 472–478.Google Scholar
Kimura, Y, Tsuda, K, Arichi, S and Takahashi, N (1994) Clinical evaluation of Sizofiran as assistant immunotherapy in treatment of head and neck cancer. Acta Otolargynzology 511: 192–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kino, KY, Yamaoka, K, Watanabe, J, Shimizu, K and Tsunoo, H (1989) Isolation and characterization of a newly immunomodulatory protein Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8) from Ganoderma lucidum. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264: 472–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kino, T, Tabata, H, Ukai, S and Hara, C (1986) A minor protein-containing galactomannan from a sodium carbonate extracted of Cordyceps lucidum. Carbohydrate Research 156: 189–197.Google Scholar
Kohno, K (1985) Biological active components of poisonous mushrooms. Food Review International 11: 83–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kondo, M and Torisu, M (1985) Evaluation of Lentinus edodes, Grifola frondosa and Pleurotus ostreatus administration on cancer outbreaks and activities of macrophages and lymphocytes in mice treated with a carcinogen. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 19: 175–185.Google Scholar
Kubo, K and Nanba, H (1996) The effect of Maitake mushrooms on liver and serum lipids. Alternate Therapies in Health Medicines 2: 62–66.Google ScholarPubMed
Kubo, K and Nanba, H (1997) Anti-hyperliposis effect of maitake fruit body (Grifola frondosa). Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 20: 781–785.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kubo, K, Aoki, H and Nanba, H (1994) Anti-diabetic activity present in the fruit body of Grifola frondosa (maitake). Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 17: 11006–11110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kukura, JL, Beelman, RB, Peiffer, M and Walsh, R (1998) Calcium chloride added to irrigation water of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) reduces post harvest browning. Journal of Food Sciences 63: 454–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurashiga, S, Akuzawa, Y and Eudo, F (1997) Effects of Lentinus edodes, Grifola frondosa and Pleurotus ostreatus administration on cancer outbreaks and activities of macrophages and lymphocytes in mice treated with carcinogen N-butyl-NI-butamolinitreso-amine. Immunopharmcology and Immunotoxicology 19: 175–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakhanpal, TN and Shad, OS (1986 a) Studies on wild edible mushrooms of Himachal Pradesh (N.W. Himalayas)—I. Ethnomycology, production and trade of Morchella species. Indian Journal of Mushrooms 12/13 5–13.Google Scholar
Lakhanpal, TN and Shad, OS (1986 b) Studies on wild edible mushrooms of Himachal Pradesh (N.W. Himalayas)—II. Ecological relationships of Morchella species. Indian Journal of Mushrooms 12/13 15–20.Google Scholar
Lee, SS, Wei, YH, Chen, CH, Wang, SY and Chen, KY (1995) Antitumor effects of Ganoderma lucidum. Journal of Chinese Medicine 6: 1–12.Google Scholar
Li, M and Lie, LS (2000) Effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on oxygen-free radicals in murine peritoneal macrophages. Zhongguc Yadikxue Yu Dulixue Zazhi—Chinese Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 14: 65–68.Google Scholar
Lin, Y and Wu, G (1988) Protective effect of Polyporus umblettus polysaccharide on toxic hepatitis in mice. Abstracts of Chinese Medicines 9: 345–348.Google ScholarPubMed
Lindequist, U (1995) Structure and biological activity of triterpenes, polysaccharides and other constituents of Ganoderma lucidum. In: Kim, BK, Kim, IH, Kim, YS (eds) Recent Advances in Ganoderma lucidum Research, Seoul: Pharmaceutical Society of Korea, pp. 61–92.Google Scholar
Liu, FA and Zheng, X (1993) Study of Cordyceps sinensis on anti-laryngeal carcinoma. Journal of Norman Bethune University of Medicinal Sciences 19: 57–58.Google Scholar
Liu, GT (1993) Pharmacology and clinical uses of Ganoderma. In: Chang, ST, Buswell, JA, Chiu, SW (eds) Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products, Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 267–273.Google Scholar
Manley, CH (2000) Trends in industrial flavour research. In Risch, SJ, Ho, CT (eds) Flavour Chemistry: Industrial and Academic Research, ACS Symposium Series 756. Washington, DC: ACS.Google Scholar
Matsuyama, H, Mangindaan, REP and Yano, T (1992) Protective effect of Schizophyllan and scleroglucans against Streptococcus sp. infection in yellow tail (Seriola quinqueradiata). Aquaculture 101: 97–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattila, P, Konbo, K, Eurola, M, Philava, JM, Astola, J, Vahteristo, L, Hletanlemi, V, Kumpulainen, J, Valtonen, M and Piironen, V (2001) Contents of vitamins, minerals elements, and some phenolic compounds in cultivated mushrooms. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49: 2343–2348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mau, JL and Ma, JT (2002) Effect of 10-oxo-trans-8-decenoic acid on mycelial growth of Pleurotus eryngii. Fungal Sciences 17: 21–30.Google Scholar
Mayaux, JF, Rousseau, A, Pauwels, R, Hue, T, Henin, Y, Dereu, N, Evers, M, Soler, F, Poujade, C, Declerq, E Le and Pecq, JBL (1994) Triterpene derivatives that block entry of human immunodeficiency virus type I into cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91: 3564CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McMorris, TC and Anchel, M (1963) The structure of the basidiomycete metabolites illudin S and illudin M. Journal of the American Chemical Society 85: 831CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMorris, TC and Anchel, M (1965) Fungal metabolites. The structure of novel sesqueterpenoid S and M. Journal of the American Chemical Society 87: 1954–1960.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meschino, J (2001) Reishi mushroom extract: an important supplement for immune support and other health conditions. SpineGuys Newsletter (chiropractors Tim McKay and Kent Jenkins), pp. 1–4..Google Scholar
Misaki, A and Kishida, E (1995) Straw mushroom, Fukurotake, Volvariella volvacea. International Food Review 11: 219–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miyanzaki, T and Nishijima, M (1982) Studies on fungal polysaccharides—part XXXII. Structural examination of alkali-extracted water soluble heteroglycans of the Ganoderma lucidum. Carbohydrate Research 109: 290–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mizuno, T (1995) Bioactive biomolecules of mushrooms: food function and medicinal effects of mushroom fungi. International Food Review 11: 7–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mizuno, T (1999) The extraction and development of antitumor active polysaccharides from medicinal mushrooms in Japan (review). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 1: 19–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mizuno, T (2000) Development of an antitumor biological response modifier from Phellinus linteus (Berk. et Curt.) Teng mushroom (review). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 2: 21–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mizuno, T, Kato, N, Totsuka, A, Takeneke, K, Shinkai, K and Shimizu, M (1984) Fractionation, structural features and antitumor activity of water soluble polysaccharides from ‘Reishi’: the fruit body of Ganoderma lucidum. Nippon Nogei kagaku Kaishi 58: 871–880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mizuno, T, Oshawa, K, Hagiwara, N and Kuboyama, R (1986) Fractionation and characterization of antitumor polysaccharides from Maitake, Grifola frondosa. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 50: 1679–1688.Google Scholar
Mizuno, T, Ohtahara, S and Li, JX (1988) Mineral composition and Ge content of several medicinal mushrooms. Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University 38: 37–46.Google Scholar
Mizuno, T, Hagiwara, T, Nakamura, T, Ito, H, Shimura, K, Sumiya, T and Asakura, A (1990) Antitumor activity of some properties of water soluble polysaccharides from ‘Himematsutake’, the fruiting body of Agaricus blazei Murill. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 54: 2889–28896.Google Scholar
Mizuno, T, Wasa, T, Ito, H, Suzuki, H and Ukai, N (1992) Antitumor-active polysaccharide isolated from the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceum, an edible and medicinal mushroom called yamabushitake or houtou. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 52: 347–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morigiwa, A, Kitabatake, K, Fujimoto, Y and Ikekawa, J (1986) Angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibiting triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 34: 3025–8028.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, K, Yamaguchi, Y, Kagota, S, Shinozuka, K and Kunitomo, M (1999) Activation of Kupffer cell function by oral administration of Cordyceps sinensis in rats. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 79: 505–508.Google ScholarPubMed
Nakamura, K, Konoba, K, Yamaguchi, Y, Kagota, S, Shinozuka, K and Kunitomo, M (2003) Combined effect of Cordyceps sinensis and methotrexate on hematogenic lung metastasis in mice. Receptors Channels 9: 329–334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakashima, S, Uneda, T and Kanada, T (1979) Effects of polysaccharides from Ganoderma applanatum on immune responses. Microbiology and Immunology 23: 501–513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ohno, N, Lino, K, Suzuki, I, Oikawa, S, Sato, K, Miyazaki, T and Yadomae, T (1985) Neutral and acidic antitumor polysaccharides extracted from cultured fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 33: 1181–1186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ohtsuru, M (1992) Anti-obesity activity exhibited by orally administered powder of maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa) Anshin 198 pp.Google Scholar
Ooi, VEC and Liv, F (2000) Immunomodulation and anti-cancer activity of polysaccharide protein complexes. Current Medicinal Chemistry 7: 715–729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parslew, R, Jones, KT, Rhodes, JM and Sharpe, GR (1999) The antiproliferative effect of lectin from the edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) on human keratinocytes: preliminary studies on its use in psoriasis. British Journal of Dermatology 140: 56–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Purkayastha, RP and Chandra, A (1985) Manual of Indian Edible Mushrooms. New Delhi: Today and Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers.Google Scholar
Quain, F and Zhang, S (1993) Studies on medicinal mushrooms and germanium, GE-132 (abstract). First International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushrooms Products, Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Rana, M (2002) Ethnobotanical studies on the morels of district Kinnaur (H.P.). MPhil Dissertation, Himachal Pradesh University, ShimlaGoogle Scholar
Reilly, C (1996) Selenium in Food and Health. London: Blackie Academic & Professional.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakagami, H and Takeda, M (1993) Diverse biological activity of PSK (Krestin), a protein bound polysaccharide from Coriolus versicolor (Fr.) Quel. In: Chang, ST, Buswell, JA, Chiu, SW (eds) Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products, Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 237–245.Google Scholar
Sakagami, H, Aoki, T, Simpson, A and Tanuma, S (1991) Induction of immunopotentiation activity by a protein bound polysaccharide, PDS. Anticancer Research 11: 993–1000.Google Scholar
Sato, H and Iwaguchi, T (1979) Antitumour activity of a new novel organogermanium compound GE-132. Cancer Chemotherapy 6: 79–83.Google Scholar
Schindler, F (1989) Method of producing a mushroom aroma in mushroom cell masses. US Patent 4,810, 504.Google Scholar
Shad, OS (1989) Biological studies on Morchella species (morels) of Himachal Himalayas. PhD Thesis, H.P. University, Shimla.Google Scholar
Sheng, J and Chen, Q (1990) Effect of polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula, Trametes fuciformis spores on experimental thrombus formation. Zhongguo Yaoke Daxue Xuebao 21: 39–42.Google Scholar
Shi, Y, James, AE, Benzie, IFF and Buswell, JA (2002) Genoprotective effects of selected mushroom species. In: Sanchez, JE, Huerta, G, Montiel, E (eds) Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Product. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference. Cuernavaca, Mexico: Universidad Autonoma Del Estado De Morelos, pp. 357–366.Google Scholar
Shiao, MS, Kuan, RL, Lin, LJ and Wang, CT (1994) Natural products and biological activities of Chinese medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum. In: Ho, CT (ed.) Food and Phytochemicals for Cancer Prevention II. ACS Symposium Series 547. Washington, DC: ACS, pp. 42–354.Google Scholar
Shimizu, A, Yano, T, Saito, Y and Inada, Y (1985) Isolation of an inhibitor of platelet aggregation from a fungus Ganoderma lucidum. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 33: 3012–3015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shin, KH, Lim, SS, Lee, S, Lee, YS, Jung, SH and Cho, SY (2003) Antitumor-stimulating activities of the fruiting bodies of Paecilomyces japonica, a new type of Cordyceps spp. Phototherapy Research 17: 830–833.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, J, Rowan, N and Sullivan, R (2002) Medicinal Mushrooms: Their Therapeutic Properties and Current Medical Usage with Special Emphasis on Cancer Treatments. Glasgow University of Strathclyde.Google Scholar
Spaulding, T and Beelman, RB (2003) Survey evaluation of selenium and other minerals in Agaricus mushrooms commercially grown in the United States. Mushroom News 51: 6–9.Google Scholar
Spolar, MR, Schaffer, EM, Beelman, RB and Milner, JA (1999) Selenium-enriched Agaricus bisporus mushrooms suppress 7,12-dimethylbenz (A) anthracene bioactivation in mammary tissues. Cancer Letters 138: 145–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Su, CH, Lai, MN and Chan, MH (1993) Hepatoprotective triterpenoids from Ganoderma tsugae Murrel. In: Chang, ST, Buswell, JA, Chiu, SW (eds) Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products, Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp. 275–283.Google Scholar
Suhadolnik, RJ (1979) Induction of hypocholesterolemia. In: Nucleosides as Biological Probes. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 298–310.Google Scholar
Susuki, S and Ohshima, S (1974) Influence of shiitake, Lentinus edodes, on human serum cholesterol. Mushroom Science 9: 463–467.Google Scholar
Taguchi, T and Furue, H (1985) End point result of a randomised controlled study on the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer with a combination of Lentinan and chemotherapeutic agents. Expert Medica 12: 151–165.Google Scholar
Talpur, N, Echard, B, Fan, A, Jaffari, O, Bagchi, D and Preuss, H (2002) Antihypertensive and metabolic effects of whole maitake mushroom powder and its fractions in two rat strains. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 237: 129–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanaka, SK, Ko, K, Kino, KK, Tsuchiya, KK, Yamashite, A, Marasugi, A, Sakuma, SS and Tsunoo, H (1989) Complete amino acid sequence of an immunomodulatory protein Ling Zhi (LZ-8), an immunomodulator from a fungus Ganoderma lucidum, having similarity to immunoglobulin variable regions. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264: 16372–16377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tokita, F, Shibukawa, N, Yasumoto, T and Kaneda, T (1972) Isolation and chemical structure of the plasma cholesterol reducing substance from shiitake mushroom. Mushroom Science 8: 783–788.Google Scholar
Ukai, S, Kohi, T, Hara, C, Kuruma, I and Tanaker, Y (1983) Antitumor activity of various polysaccharides isolated from Dictyophora industsiata, Ganoderma japonicum, Cordyceps cleadae, Auricularia auricula judae and Auricularia species. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 31: 741–744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
USDA (2001) USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, release 14. Nutrient Data Laboratory, http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/cgi-bin/nut_search.pl.Google Scholar
Wang, CN, Chen, JC, Shiao, MS and Wang, CT (1991) The inhibition of human platelet functions by Ganoderic acid S. Journal of Biochemistry 277: 189–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, R Xu, Y, Ji P, Wang, X and Holliday, J (2001) Clinical trials of a mixture of six medicinal mushrooms extracts http://alohamedicinals.com/clinicals_trials.htmlGoogle Scholar
Wasser, SP and Weis, AL (1999) Medicinal properties of substances occurring in Higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms: current perspectives. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 1: 31–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watanabe, N, Nakanishi, K, Komatsu, N, Sakabe, T and Terakewa, H (1990) A novel N6-substitute isolated from Mihuanjun (Armillriella mellea) as a cerebral protecting compound. Planta Medica 56: 48–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weil, A (1987) A mushroom a day. American Health 12: 129–134.Google Scholar
Won, S, Lee, S, Ke, Y, Liu, M (1989) Enhancement of splenic NK cytotoxic activity by extracts of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium in mice. Journal of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences 2: 201–203.Google Scholar
Wurzenberger, M and Grosch, W (1982) The enzymatic oxidative breakdown of linoleic acid in mushrooms (Psalliota bispora). Zeitschrift für Lebensmit Forscher 175: 186–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, WZ, Wei, JP, Wang, MQ and Liu, T (1988) Experimental study of the combined chemotherapy of Zhiling capsules, anticancer agents. Shanghai Zhougyiyao Zazhi 6: 48Google Scholar
Yamura, Y and Cochran, KW (1976) Chronic hypocholesterolemic effect of Lentinus edodes in mice and absence of effect on scrapie. Mushroom Sciences 9: 489–493.Google Scholar
Yanaki, T, Ito, W and Kojima, T (1983) Correlation between the antitumor activity of a polysaccharide Schizophyllan and its triple-helical conformation in dilute aqueous solution. Biophysical Chemistry 17: 337–342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, QY, Jong, SC, Li, XY, Zhou, JX, Chen, RT and Xu, LZ (1992) Antitumor and immunomodulating of the polysaccharide-peptide (PSP) of Coriolous versicolor. Journal of Immunology and Immunopharmacology 12: 29–34.Google Scholar
Yang, QY, Hu, YJ, Li, XY, Yang, SX, Liu, XJ, Liu, TF, Xu, GM, Liao, ML (1993) A new biological response modifier—PSP. In: Chang, ST, Buswell, JA, Chiu, SW (ed.) Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, pp. 247–259.Google Scholar
Ying, J (1987) Icons of Medicinal Fungi from China, Yuchan X-Trans. Beijing: Science Press.Google Scholar
Yokota, M (1992) Observatory trial at anti-obesity activity of maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa). Anshin 202 pp.Google Scholar
Yoshida, J (1989) Antitumor activity of an extract of Cordyceps sinensis Berk. Sacc. against murine tumor cell lines. Japanese Journal of Expertise Medica 59: 157–161.Google ScholarPubMed
Zhang, Y, Wang, G, Li, H, Zhuang, C, Mizuno, T, Ito, H, Suzuki, C, Okomato, H and Li, J (1985) Effect of the ethanol extracts of Tremella fuciformis and Armillariella mellea on the cardiovascular system. Journal of Beijing Medicinal Collaborations 17: 97–100.Google Scholar
Zhang, Z and Xia, SS (1990) Cordyceps sinensis as an immunosuppressant in heterotrophic heart allograft in rats. Journal of Tougjichi Medical University 10: 100–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, H, Jia-Shi Halpern, G and Jones, K (1998) The scientific rediscovery of an ancient Chinese herbal medicine: Cordyceps sinensis. Journal of Alternative Complementary Medicine 4: 289–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhu, S and Mori, M (1993) The Research on Ganoderma lucidum (Part I). Shanghai: Shanghai Medical University Press.Google Scholar
Zhu, X (1985) Treatment of chronic viral hepatitis B and HBSAG carriers with polysaccharides of Lentinus edodes. Jiangxi Zhongyiyao 5: 20–25.Google Scholar
Zhuang, C and Mizuno, T (1999) Biological responses from Grifola frondosa (Dick. Fr.) S.F. Gray—Maitake (Aphyllophoromycetideae). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 1: 317–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar