Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-cphqk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-06T15:55:13.824Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Potential of marine algae (sea weeds) as source of medicinally important compounds

Part of: Evolving Trends in Plant Based Drug Discovery

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2016

N. Anand ,
D. Rachel ,
N. Thangaraju  and
P. Anantharaman
N. Anand*
Affiliation:
Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, University of Madras, Chennai 600 025, India
D. Rachel
Affiliation:
Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, University of Madras, Chennai 600 025, India
N. Thangaraju
Affiliation:
Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, University of Madras, Chennai 600 025, India
P. Anantharaman
Affiliation:
C.A.S. in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, India
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: anandalgae@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Scientific research has always been concerned with aspects of human health. There are several systems of medicines besides the globally accepted allopathy, which are based on compounds originating from natural products. Recent research has been centred around validation of the traditional knowledge on medicinal products. The traditional systems in India, China and forklore medicines in other parts of the world have indicated the potential of natural products consist of various chemical compounds that could be used as drugs. The search for drugs against five major dreadful diseases namely, cancer, AIDS, heart disease, diabetes and pulmonary disorders that attack the present day human from natural products has been in progress for some time. Microbes, plants and animals are the sources of natural products. In the past five decades, the research on bioactive chemicals from marine algae has been incited and several compounds with biological activity were isolated from algae. Generally, these are secondary metabolites produced for chemical defence against the biotic pressure of predators, consumers and epibionts. These potential drugs are now attracting considerable attention from the pharmaceutical industries due to the necessity of identifying substances that could be utilized for novel therapeutic purposes. Several compounds such as alginate, carrageenans, sulphated and halogenated polysachcharise and other derivatives have been shown to provide drugs that could be antiviral, anticancer and antimicrobial. The present account is on the potential of marine macro-algae for medicinally important products.

Keywords

algaeseaweedbioactive chemicalmicrobes
Type
Research Article
Information
Plant Genetic Resources , Volume 14 , Special Issue 4: Evolving trends in plant based drug discovery , December 2016 , pp. 303 - 313
Copyright
Copyright © NIAB 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abidov, M, Ramazanov, Z, Seifulla, R and Grachev, S (2010) The effects of Xanthigen in the weight management of obesepremenopausal Women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and normal liver fat. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 12: 72–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abu-El-Wafa, GSE, Shaaban, KA, Elnaggar, MEE and Shabaan, M (2011) Bioactive constituents and biochemical composition of Egyptian Brown alga Sargassum subrepinandum (Forsk). Revista latinoamericana de química 39: 1–14.Google Scholar
Alang, G, Kaur, R, Singh, A, Budlakoti, P, Singh, A and Singla, P (2009) Antimicrobial activity of Ulva lactuca extracts and its fractions. Pharmacology (online) 3: 107–117.Google Scholar
Ali, AI, Taki, KK, Boudabban, A and El Bour, M (2010) Seasonal variation of antibacterial activity of the brown alga Padina pavonica (L.) Thivy collected from northern coast of Tunisia. Bulletin de I’Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer 37: 111–116.Google Scholar
Al-Saif, SSA, Abdel-Raouf, N, El-Wazanani, HA and Aref, IA (2014) Antibacterial substances from marine algae isolated from Jeddah coast of Red sea, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 21: 57–64.Google Scholar
Anantharaman, P, Balasubramanian, T and Thirumaran, G (2006) Potential value of seaweeds. In: National Training Workshop on Seaweed Farming and Processing for Food, Kilakarai, pp. 91–104.Google Scholar
Ann-Dorit, S, Safafar, H, Pedersen, A, Marinho, G and Holdt, S (2016) Seasonal variations of antioxidants in the brown seaweed Saccharina latissima. In: Proceedings of 22nd International Seaweed Symposium, p. 84.Google Scholar
Ann-Sophie, B, Bedoux, G and Bourgougnon, N (2016) Antiviral compounds from red seaweeds by EAE using response surface methodology. In: Proceedings of 22nd International Seaweed Symposium, p. 122.Google Scholar
Arunkumar, K, Sivakumar, SR and Shanthi, N (2013) Antibacterial potential of gulf of mannar seaweeds extracts against two plant pathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin et al., and Xanthomonas campestris pv malvacearum (Smith, 1901) Dye 1978b. IJAPBC 2: 25–31.Google Scholar
Awad, NE, Motaune, HM, Setum, MA and Motiobe, AA (2009) Antitumorogenic polysaccharides isolated fromthe brown algae Padina pavonica Gaille. and Hydoclathrus clathratus (Agardh) Horne. Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology 3: 6–11.Google Scholar
C´aceres, PJ, Carlucci, MJ, Damonte, EB, Matsuhiro, B and Z'ueniga, EA (2000) Carrageenans from Chilean samples of Stenogramme interrupta (Phyllophoraceae), structural analysis and biological activity. Phytochemistry 53: 81–86.Google Scholar
Carlucci, MJ, Pujol, CA, Ciancia, M, Noseda, MD, Matulewicz, MC, Damonte, EB and Cerezo, AS (1997) Antiherpetic and anticoagulant properties of carrageenans from the red seaweed Gigartina skottsbergii and their cyclized derivatives: correlation between structure and biological activity. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 20: 97–105.Google Scholar
Carlucci, MJ, Ciancia, M, Matulewicz, MC, Cerezo, AS and Damonte, EB (1999a) Antiherpetic activity and mode of action of natural carrageenans of diverse structural types. Antiviral Research 43: 93–102.Google Scholar
Carlucci, MJ, Scolaro, LA and Damonte, EB (1999b) Inhibitory action of natural carrageenans on simplex virus infection of mouse astrocytes. Chemotheraphy 45: 429–436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, PT, Matunjun, P, Md Yasir, S and Tan, TS (2014) Antioxident and hypolipidaemic properties of red seaweed Gracilaria changii . Journal of Applied Phycology 26: 987–997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, VJ (1979) Seaweeds in pharmaceuticals and medicine: a review. In: Hoppe, HA, Levring, T and Tanaka, Y (eds) Marine Algae in Pharmaceutical Science. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 139–147.Google Scholar
Chevolot, L, Foucault, A, Chaubet, F, Kervarec, N, Sinquin, C, Fisher, AM and Boisson-Vidal, C (1999) Further data on the structure of brown seaweed fucans: relationships with anticoagulant activity. Carbohydrate Research 319: 154–165.Google Scholar
Cho, EJ, Rhee, SH and Park, KY (1997) Antimutagenic and cancer cell growth inhibitory effects of seaweeds. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science 2: 348–353.Google Scholar
Cox, S, Abu-Ghannam, N and Gupta, S (2010) An assessment of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of six species of edible Irish seaweeds. International Food Research Journal 17: 205–220.Google Scholar
Damonte, EB, Neyts, J, Pujol, CA, Snoeck, R, Andrei, G, Ikeda, S, Witvrouw, M, Reymen, D, Haines, H, Matulewicz, MC, Cerezo, A, Coto, CE and De Clercq, E (1994) Antiviral activity of a sulphated polysaccharide from the red seaweed Nothogenia fastigiata . Biochemical Pharmacology 47: 2187–2192.Google Scholar
Damonte, EB, Matulewicz, MC and Cerezo, AS (2004) Sulfated seaweed polysaccharides as antiviral agents. Current Medicinal Chemistry 11: 2399–2419.Google Scholar
De Clercq, E (1996) Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections: strategies to overcome drug resistance development. Medicinal Research Reviews 16: 125–157.Google Scholar
Demirel, Z, Yilmaz-Koz, FF, Karabay-Yavasoglu, UN, Ozdemir, G and Sukatar, A (2009) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of brown algae from the Aegean Sea. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 74: 619–628.Google Scholar
de Nys, R, Wright, AD, König, GM and Sticher, O (1993) New halogenated furanones from the marine alga Delisea pulchra (cf. fimbriata). Tetrahedron 49: 11213–11220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Souse, AP, Torres, MR, Pesra, C, Morae, MO, Filo, FDR, Alue, APN and Costa-Lotrofo, LV (2007) In vitro growth inhibition saecoma 180 tumor by alginate from brown seaweed Sargassum vulgare . Carbohydrate Polymers 69: 7–13.Google Scholar
Ditte Hermund, B, Jacobsen, C and Nielsen, KF (2016) Extraction, Characterization and Application of Antioxidants from the Nordic Brown Alga Fucus vesiculosus. Kgs. Lyngby: National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark.Google Scholar
Elnabris, KJ, Elmanama, AA and Chihadeh, WN (2013) Antibacterial activity of four marine seaweeds collected from the coast of Gaza Strip, Palestine. Mesopotamian Journal of Marine Science 28: 81–92.Google Scholar
El Sayed, KA, Bartyzel, P, Shen, X, Perry, TL, Zjawiony, JK and Hamann, MT (2000) Marine natural products as antituberculosis agents. Tetrahedron 56: 949–953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenical, W (1975) Halogenation in the Rhodophyta. A review. Journal of Phycology 11: 245–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferreres, F, Lopes, G, Gil-Izquierdo, A, Andrade, PB, Sousa, C, Mouga, T and Valentão, P (2012) Phlorotannin extracts from fucales characterized by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn: approaches to hyaluronidase inhibitory capacity and antioxidant properties. Marine Drugs 10: 2766–2781.Google Scholar
Fertah, M, Belfkira, A, Taourirte, M and Brouillette, F (2014) Extraction and characterization of sodium alginate from Moroccan Laminaria digitata brown seaweed. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.05.003 Google Scholar
Funahashi, H, Imai, T, Mase, T, Sekiya, M, Yokoi, K, Hayashi, H, Shibata, A, Hayashi, T, Nishikawa, M, Suda, N, Hibi, Y, Mizuno, Y, Tsukamura, K, Hayakawa, A and Tanuma, S (2001) Seaweed prevents breast cancer. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 92: 483–487.Google Scholar
Glombitza, KW (1979) Antibiotics from algae. In: Hoppe, HA, Levring, T and Tanaka, Y (eds) Marine Algae in Pharmaceutical Science. Berlin: Waiter de Gruyter, pp. 303–342.Google Scholar
Haefner, B (2003) Drugs from the deep: marine natural products as drug candidates. Drug Discovery Today 8: 536–544.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamann, MT and Scheuer, PJ (1993) Kahalalide F: a bioactive depsipeptide from the sacoglossan mollusk Elysia rufescens and the green alga Bryopsis sp. Journal of the American Chemical Society 115: 5825–5826.Google Scholar
Hashimoto, Y (1979) Marine Toxins and Other Bioactive Marine Metabolites. Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press, 369 pp.Google Scholar
Hiren, K, Siltana, V, Haque, SE and Athou, M (2016) Hepatoprotective potential of three Sargassum species from Kuncha coast against carbon tetrachloride and acetaminophen intoxication. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 4: 10–13.Google Scholar
Høiby, N (2002) Understanding bacterial biofilms in patients with cystic fibrosis: current and innovative approaches to potential therapies. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 1: 249–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Homsey, IS and Hide, D (1974) The production of antimicrobial compounds by British marine algae. I. Antibiotic-producing marine algae. British Phycological Journal 9: 353–336.Google Scholar
Hoppe, HA (1979) Marine algae and their products and constituents in pharmacy. In: Hoppe, HA, Levring, T and Tanaka, Y (eds) Marine Algae in Pharmaceutical Science. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 25–119.Google Scholar
Impellizzeri, G, Mangiafico, S, Oriente, G, Piattelli, M, Sciuto, S, Fattorusso, E, Magno, S, Santacroce, C and Sica, D (1975) Amino acids and low-molecular-weight carbohydrates of some marine red algae. Phytochemistry 14: 1549–1557.Google Scholar
Indu, H and Srinivasan, R (2013) In vitro antimicrobial activity of selected seaweeds from South east coast of India. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science 5: 474–484.Google Scholar
Jiao, G, Yu, G, Zhang, J and Ewart, HS (2011) Chemical structures and bioactivities of sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae. Marine Drugs 9: 196–223.Google Scholar
Jiao, L, Li, X, Li, T, Jiang, P, Zhang, L, Wu, M and Zhiang, L (2009) Characterization and anti-tumor activity of alkali extracted polysaccharides from Enteromorpha intestinalis . International Immunopharmacology 9: 324–329.Google Scholar
Jung, HA, Hyun, SK, Kim, HR and Choi, JS (2006) Angiotensin-converting enzyme I inhibitory activity of phlorotannins from Ecklonia stolonifera . Fisheries Science 72: 1292–1299.Google Scholar
Kaliaperumal, N, Kalimuthu, S and Ramalingam, JR (2004) Recent Scenario of seaweed exploitation and Industry in India. Seaweed Research and Utilisation. 26: 47–54.Google Scholar
Kang, SI, Jin, YJ, Ko, HC, Choi, SY, Hwang, JH, Whang, I, Kim, MH, Shin, HS, Jeong, HB and Kim, SJ (2008) Petalonia improves glucose homeostasis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 373: 265–269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karthika Devi, G, Manivannan, K, Thirumaran, G, Rajathi, FA and Anantharaman, P (2011) In vitro antioxidant activities of selected seaweeds from South east coast of India. Journal of Tropical Medicine 4: 205–211.Google Scholar
Kashiwagi, M, Mynderse, JS, Moore, RE and Norton, TR (1980) Antineoplastic evaluation of Pacific Basin marine algae. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69: 734–738.Google Scholar
Kayalvizhi, K, Vasuki, S, Anantharaman, P and Kathiresan, K (2012) Antimicrobial activity of seaweeds from the Gulf of Mannar. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Applications 3: 306–314.Google Scholar
Kim, KN, Ham, YM, Moon, JY, Kim, MJ, Kim, DS and Lee, WJ (2009) In vitro cytotoxic activity of Sargassum thunbergii and Dictyopteris divaricata (Jeju seaweeds) on the HL-60 tumour cell line. International Journal of Pharmacology 5: 298–306.Google Scholar
Kim, KY, Nam, KA, Kurihara, H and Kim, SM (2008) Potent α-glucosidase inhibitors purified from the red alga Grateloupia elliptica . Phytochemistry 69: 2820–2825.Google Scholar
Kjelleberg, S and Steinberg, P (2001) Surface warfare in the sea. Microbiology Today 28: 134–135.Google Scholar
Klarzynski, O, Plesse, B, Joubert, JM, Yvin, JC, Kopp, M, Kloareg, B and Fritig, B (2000) Linear β−1, 3 glucans are elicitors of defense responses in tobacco. Plant Physiology 124: 1027–1038.Google Scholar
Kolender, AA, Matulewicz, MC and Cerezo, AS (1995) Structural analysis of antiviral sulfated α-D-(1→ 3)-linked mannans. Carbohydrate Research 273: 179–185.Google Scholar
Lau, TY, Vitta, DF, Cheo, CSY and Yong, WTL (2009) Antiproliferative potential of extracts from Kappaphycus seaweeds on HeLa cancer cell lines. Sanis Malaysiana 43: 1895–1900.Google Scholar
Lee, HJ, Kim, HC, Vitek, L and Nam, MC (2010) Algae consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes, Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2005. Journal of Nutrition Science and Vitaminology 56: 13–18.Google Scholar
Liu, F, Liu, J, Gu, J, Zhang, L, Shen, W, Guo, T, Liu, C and He, P (2007) Ex-vivo antioxidation activity of polysaccharides from red alga Porphyra yezoensis . Research Journal of Pharmocology 34: 253–261.Google Scholar
Lloyd, LL, Kennedy, JF, Methacamm, P, Petera, M and Kail, CJ (1998) Carbohydrate polymers as wound management aids. Carbohydrate Polymers 37: 315–323.Google Scholar
Malhotra, R, Ward, M, Bright, H, Priest, R, Foster, MR and Hurle, M (2003) Isolation and characterisation of potential respiratory Syncytial virus receptor(s) on epithelial cells. Microbes and Infection 5: 12–133.Google Scholar
Manabe, Y, Manabe, A and Sakaguchi, M (1982) Nelaton catheter in non-gravidas for a safe and gradual cervical softening and dilation: a possible involvement of prostaglandins. Contraception 25: 211–218.Google Scholar
Manivannan, K, Karthikaidevi, G, Anantharaman, P and Balasubramanian, T (2011) Antimicrobial potential of selected brown seaweeds from Vedalai coastal waters, Gulf of Mannar. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 1: 114–120.Google Scholar
Maruyama, H, Tamauchi, H, Hashimoto, M and Nakano, T (2003) Antitumor activity and immune response of Mekabu fucoidan extracted from Sporophyll of Undaria pinnatifida . In Vivo 17: 245–249.Google Scholar
Matanjum, P (2016) Nutrient composition, Antixoidant and Antiobesity properties of Sabah Red and Brown Seaweeds. In: Proceedings of 22nd International Seaweed Symposium, p. 90.Google Scholar
Matou, S, Helley, D, Chabut, D, Bros, A and Fischer, AM (2002) Effect of fucoidan on fibroblast growth factor-2-induced angiogenesis in vitro . Thrombosis Research 106: 213–221.Google Scholar
Mazumder, S, Ghosal, PK, Pujol, CA, Carlucci, MJ, Damont, EB and Ray, B (2002) Isolation, chemical investigation and antiviral activityof polysaccharides from Gracilaria corticata (Gracilariaceae Rhodophyta). International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 31: 87–95.Google Scholar
Michanek, G (1979) Seaweed resources for pharmaceutical uses. In: Hoppe, HA, Levring, T and Tanaka, Y (eds) Marine Algae in Pharmaceutical Science. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 203–235.Google Scholar
Michel, G, Schulz, A, Dobringer, J, Vasquez, J, Gentile, L and Neubauer, J (2016) Bioactive surfaces for the cultivation of human stem cells on seaweed derived alginates. In: Proceedings of 22nd International Seaweed Symposium, p. 53.Google Scholar
Mohamed, S, Haslim, SN and Rahman, HA (2012) Seaweeds: a sustainable functional food for complementary and alternative therapy. Trends in Food Science & Technology 23: 83–96.Google Scholar
Nakashima, H, Kido, Y, Kobayashi, N, Motoki, Y, Neushul, M and Yamamoto, N (1987a) Antiretroviral activity in a marine red alga; reverse transcriptase inhibition by an aqueous extract of Schizymenia pacifica . Journal of Cancer Research And Clinical Oncology 113: 413–416.Google Scholar
Nakashima, H, Kido, Y, Kobayashi, N, Motoki, Y, Neushul, M and Yamamoto, N (1987b) Purification and characterization of an avian myeloblastosis and human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase inhibitor, sulfated polysaccharides extracted from sea algae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemotheraphy 31: 1524–1528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nanovar, F, Mohammed, S, Fard, SG, Behrvam, J, Mustafa, MN, Alithean, NBM and Oltman, F (2012) Polyphenol rich seaweed (Euechema cottonnii from north Coast of Borneo. Food Chemistry 130: 376–382.Google Scholar
Nishino, T, Takabe, Y and Nagumo, T (1994) Isolation and partial characterization of a novel β-D-galactan sulfate from the brown seaweed Laminaria angustata var. longissima . Carbohydrate Polymers 23: 165–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nisiwaza, K (1979) Pharmaceutical studies on marine algae in Japan. In: Hoppe, HA, Levring, T and Tanaka, Y (eds) Marine Algae in Pharmaceutical Science. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 243–264.Google Scholar
Oza, RM and Zaidi, SH (2001) A Revised Check List of Indian Marine Algae. Bhavnagar: CSMCRI, p. 296.Google Scholar
Palermo, JA, Flower, BP and Seldes, AM (1992) Chondriamides A and B, new indolic metabolites from the red alga Chondria sp. Tetrahedron Letters 33: 3097–3100.Google Scholar
Rajauria, G, Jaiswal, AK, Abu-Gannam, N and Gupta, S (2012) Antimicrobial, antioxidant and free radical-scavenging capacity of brown seaweed Himanthalia elongata from Western Coast of Ireland. Journal of Food Biochemistry 37: 322–335.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, JAG, Linada Queinz, JN, Besse, EF, Carve, CO, Amorin, RC and Zen, NMB (2011) Anti-coagulant activity of sulphated polysachcharide fractions from an aqueous extract obtained from the red seaweed Halymenia florensis (Clemete) C. Agardh. Maringa 33: 371–378.Google Scholar
Sato, M, Nakano, T, Takeuchi, M, Kanno, N, Nagahisa, E and Sato, Y (1996) Distribution of neuroexcitatory amino acids in marine algae. Phytochemistry 42: 1595–1597.Google Scholar
Schimmer, M and Schimmer, D (1955) The Role of Algae and Plankton in Medicine. New York: Grune and Stratton, 85 pp.Google Scholar
Schimmer, M and Schimmer, D (1968) Medical aspects of phycology. In: Jackson, DF (ed.) Algae, Man and the Environment. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, pp. 279–358.Google Scholar
Shanmughapriya, S, Manilal, A, Sujith, S, Selvin, J, Kiran, GS and Natarajaseenivasan, K (2008) Antimicrobial activity of seaweeds extracts against multiresistant pathogens. Annals of Microbiology 58: 535–541.Google Scholar
Smit, AJ (2004) Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural products: a review. Journal of Applied Phycology 16: 245–262.Google Scholar
Stein, J and Borden, CA (1984) Causative and beneficial algae in human disease conditions: a review. Phycologia 23: 485–501.Google Scholar
Stephan, B, Eric, D, Sophie, FM, Christian, B and Yu, G (2010) Carrageenan from Solieria chordalia (Gigartinales): structural analysis and immunological activities of low molecular weight fractions, Carbohydrate. Polymers 81: 448–460.Google Scholar
Strauss, JH, Wilson, M, Caldwell, D, Otterson, W and Martina, AO (1979) Laminaria use in mid trimester abortions induced by intra-amniotic prostaglandin F-2-alpha with urea and intra-venous oxytocin. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 134: 260–264.Google Scholar
Subba Rao, PV and Mantri, VA (2006) Indian seaweed resources and sustainable utilization: scenario at the dawn of a new century. Current Science 91: 64–174.Google Scholar
Vadiapudi, V and Chandrasekhara Naidu, K (2010) Antioxidant activities of marine algae. J. Pharmacy Res. 3: 329–331.Google Scholar
Vetrika, V and Yuin, J (2004) Effects of B-1,3-glucan reactions. International Immunopharmacology 14: 721–730.Google Scholar
Vijayabaskar, P and Shyamala, V (2012) Antioxidant property of seaweed polyphenol from Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agardh 1848. Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2: 2590–2598.Google Scholar
Wang, Y, Xu, Z, Bach, SJ and McAllister, TA (2008) Effects of phlorotannins from Ascophyllum nodosum (brown seaweed) on in vitro ruminal digestion of mixed forage or barley grain. Animal Feed Science and Technology 145: 375–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witvrouw, M, Este, JA, Mateu, MQ, Reymen, D, Andrei, G, Snoeck, R, Ikeda, S, Pauwels, R, Bianchini, NV, Desmyter, J and de Clercq, E (1994) Activity of a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from the red seaweed Aghardhiella tenera against human immunodeficiency virus and other enveloped viruses. Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotheraphy 5: 297–303.Google Scholar
Xue, C, Yu, G, Hirata, T, Terao, J and Lin, H (1998) Antioxidative activities of several marine polysaccharides evaluated in a phosphatidylcholine-liposomal suspension and organic solvents. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 62: 206–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamamoto, K, Nagumo, T, Yagi, K, Tominaga, H and Aoki, M (1974) Antitumor effect of seaweeds. 1. Antitumor effect of extracts from Sargassum and Laminaria . Japanese Journal of Experimental Medicine 44: 543–546.Google Scholar
Ye, B, Yamamoto, K and Tyson, JE (1982) Functional and biochemical aspects of Laminaria use in first-trimester pregnancy termination. American Journal of Obstet. Gynecology 142: 36–39.Google Scholar
Ye, H, Wong, K, Zher, C, Liu, J and Zeng, X (2008) Antioxidant polysaccharides from Sargassum pallidum . Food Chemistry 111: 428–432.Google Scholar
Yiming, F, Kopplin, G and Varum, K (2016) Characterization of alginate gels with chitooligosaccharides of varying composition as cross linkers. In: Proceedings of 22nd International Seaweed Symposium, p. 63.Google Scholar
Yuan, H, Song, J, Li, X, Li, N and Dai, J (2006) Immunomodulation and antitumor activity of K-carrageenan oligosaccharides. Cancer Letters 243: 228–234.Google Scholar
Zhu, W, Ooi, VE, Chan, PK and Ang, PO Jr (2003) Isolation and characterization of a sulfated polysaccharide from the brown alga Sargassum patens and determination of its anti-herpes activity. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 81: 25–33.Google Scholar
Zubia, M, Fabne, M, Kerjean, V and Deslandes, E (2009) Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of some red algae (Rhodophyta) from Brittany Coast (France). Botanica Marina 52: 269–277.Google Scholar