Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T11:49:57.694Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Role of genetic resources and molecular markers in Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC improvement

Part of: Evolving Trends in Plant Based Drug Discovery

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2016

N. Sathyanarayana ,
S. Mahesh ,
M. Leelambika ,
M. Jaheer ,
R. Chopra  and
K. V. Rashmi
N. Sathyanarayana*
Affiliation:
Department of Botany, Sikkim University, Gangtok-737 102, India
S. Mahesh
Affiliation:
Department of Biotechnology, Sir M Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Bangalore-562 157, India
M. Leelambika
Affiliation:
Department of Biotechnology, Sir M Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Bangalore-562 157, India
M. Jaheer
Affiliation:
Department of Biotechnology, Sir M Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Bangalore-562 157, India
R. Chopra
Affiliation:
USDA-ARS, Cropping System Research Laboratory, Lubbock, Texas 79415, USA
K. V. Rashmi
Affiliation:
Department of Biotechnology, Sir M Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Bangalore-562 157, India
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: sathyan_dixit@yahoo.in
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC is a tropical legume cover crop with promising nutritional and agronomic potentials. It is also a key source of 3,4 dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-Dopa) – a precursor of dopamine used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, lack of well-characterized germplasm plus poor accessibility to genomic resources has hindered its breeding programs. Furthermore, the cause and effect of various biotic and abiotic stresses impacting yield is also little studied. Systematic collection and evaluation of Indian germplasm by our group revealed presence of a diverse gene pool in India that can support a variety of breeding needs. The stability of L-Dopa trait across environments examined through Genotype and environment (G × E) interaction studies, as well as feasibility check on barcoding and phylogenetic analyses based on karyotype and conserved nuclear and chloroplast genes showed promising outcome. Germplasm screening for select biotic abiotic stresses identified resilient genotypes. Advances in use of DNA markers for diversity analysis, linkage map development, tagging of genes/quantitative trait loci for qualitative and quantitative traits, and progress in genomics are presented.

Keywords

barcodinggenomicskaryotypeL-Dopalinkage mapMucuna pruriensNGS
Type
Research Article
Information
Plant Genetic Resources , Volume 14 , Special Issue 4: Evolving trends in plant based drug discovery , December 2016 , pp. 270 - 282
Copyright
Copyright © NIAB 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agostini, K, Sazima, M, Tozzi, AMGA and Forni-Martins, ER (2009) Microsporogenesis and pollen morphology of Mucuna japira Azevedu, Agostini and Sazima and M urens (L) Medikus. Phytomorph 59: 61–69.Google Scholar
Ajiwe, VIE, Okeke, CA, Nnabuike, B, Ogunleye, GA and Elebo, E (1997) Applications of oils extracted from African star apple (Chrysophyllum africanum), horse eye bean (Mucuna sloanei) and African pear (Dacryodes edulis) seeds. Bioresource Technology 59: 259–261.Google Scholar
Ahmad, NS (2012) Genetic analysis of plant morphology in Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.] . BSc Thesis. University of Nottingham.Google Scholar
Aminah, SH, Sastrapradja, S, Lubis, I, Sastrapradja, D and Idris, S (1974) Irritant hairs of Mucuna species. Ann Bogoriensis 5: 179–186.Google Scholar
Archana Raina, P, Tomar, JB and Dutta, M (2012) Variability in Mucuna pruriens L. germplasm for L-Dopa, an anti parkinsonian agent. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 59: 1207–1212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arulmozhi, M and Janardhanan, K (1992) The biochemical composition and nutritional potential of the tribal pulse, Mucuna monosperma DC. Ex Wight. Plant foods for Human Nutrition 42: 45–53.Google Scholar
Awang, D, Buckles, D and Arnason, JT (1997) The phytochemistry, toxicology and processing potential of the covercrop velvetbean (cow(h)age, cowitch) (Mucuna Adans. spp, Fabaceae). International Workshop on Green Manure – Cover Crop Systems for Smallholders in Tropical and Subtropical Regions 6–12 April, Chapeco, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Santa Catarina, Brazil: Rural Extension and Agricultural Research Institute of Santa Catarina.Google Scholar
Azhaguvel, P, Vidya Saraswathi, D, Sharma, A and Varshney, RK (2006) Methodological Advancement in Molecular Markers to Delimit the Genes for Crop Improvement, Floriculture, Ornamental and Plant Biotechnology, 1. London: Global Science books, pp. 460–468.Google Scholar
Baghbani, A, Forghani, AH and Kadkhodaie, A (2013) Study of salinity stress on germination and seedling growth in greenhouse cucumber cultivars. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research 3: 1137–1140.Google Scholar
Bailey, LH (1947) The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. New York, NY, USA: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Bailey, CD, Doyle, JJ, Kajita, T, Nemoto, T and Ohashi, H (1997) The chloroplast rpl2 intron and ORF184 as phylogenetic markers in legume tribe Desmodieae. Systematic Botany 22: 133–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, JG (1879) Leguminosae. In: Hooker, JD (ed.) The Flora of British India. London, UK: Rev and Co, Kent, Vol. 2, pp. 56–306.Google Scholar
Barron, AB, Sovik, E and Cornish, JL (2010) The roles of Dopamine and related compounds in reward seeking behavior across animal phyla. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 4: 163.Google Scholar
Bell, EA and Janzen, DH (1971) Medical and ecological considerations of L-Dopa and 5-HTP in seeds. Nature 229: 136–137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bell, EA, Nulu, JR and Cone, C (1971) L-DOPA and l-3-carboxy-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4 tetrahydroisoquinoline, a new imino acid, from seeds of Mucuna mutisiana . Phtyochemistry 10: 2191–2194.Google Scholar
Bennett-Lartey, SO (1998) Characterization and preliminary evaluation of some accessions of local germplasm of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens L. var. utilis Wall) of Ghana. Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science 31: 131–135.Google Scholar
Betancur-Ancona, DA, Chel-Guerrero, LA, Bello-Pérez, LA and Dávila-Ortiz, G (2002) Isolation of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) starch: physicochemical and functional properties. Starch-Stärke 54: 303–309.3.0.CO;2-2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhat, R and Karim, AA (2009) Exploring the nutritional potential of wild and underutilized legumes. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 8: 305–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bort, KS (1909) The Florida Velvet Beans and its History. Washington, DC: Bureau of Plant Industry, Bull. 141, USDA, pp. 25–32.Google Scholar
Bray, EA, Bailey-Serres, J and Weretilnyk, E (2000) Responses to abiotic stresses. In: Gruissem, W, Buchannan, B and Jones, R (eds) Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. Rockville: American Society of Plant Physiologists, pp. 1158–1249.Google Scholar
Bruggeman, A, Hamdy, A, Karajeh, F, Oweis, T and Touchan, H (2010) Invitro salinity tolerance screening of some legumes and forage cultivars. Options Méditerranéennes: Série B. Etudes et Recherches 44: 163–169.Google Scholar
Bonifácio, EM, Fonsêca, A, Almeida, C, dos Santos, KGB and Pedrosa-Harand, A (2012) Comparative cytogenetic mapping between the lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) and the common bean (P. vulgaris L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 124: 1513–1520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buckles, D (1995) M. pruriens: A “new” plant with a history. Economic Botany 49: 13–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgess, S, Hemmer, A and Myhrman, R (2003) Examination of raw and roasted Mucuna pruriens for tumerogenic substances. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 1: 287–293.Google Scholar
Burkill, IH (1966) A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives.Google Scholar
Capo-chichi, LJA, Weaver, DB and Morton, CM (2001) AFLP assessment of genetic variability among velvet bean (Mucuna sp.) accessions. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 103: 1180–1188.Google Scholar
Capo-chichi, LJA, Weaver, DB and Morton, CM (2003a) The use of molecular markers to study genetic diversity in Mucuna . Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 1: 309–318.Google Scholar
Capo-chichi, LJA, Eilittä, M, Carsky, R, Gilbert, R and Maasdorp, B (2003b) Effect of genotype and environment on L-Dopa concentration in Mucuna‘s (Mucuna sp.) seeds. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 1: 319–328.Google Scholar
Capo-chichi, LJA, Morton, CM and Weaver, DB (2004) An intraspecific genetic map of velvet bean (Mucuna sp.) based on AFLP markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 108: 814–821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carsky, RJ and Ndikawa, R (1998) Identification of cover crops for the semi-arid savanna zone of West Africa. In: Buckles, D, Eteka, A, Osiname, M, Galiba, M and Galiano, G (eds) (2000) Cover Crops in West Africa - Contributing to Sustainable Agriculture. Otawa, Canada: IDRC, IITA, Sasakawa Global, Ibadan, Nigeria, Cotonou, Benin. pp. 179–187.Google Scholar
Chattopadhyay, et al. (1988) Acta horticultarae. 188: 51.Google Scholar
Chem Abstr (1990) 113: 29157.Google Scholar
Chem Abstr (1991) 114: 108913.Google Scholar
Chen, CX, Zhou, P, Choi, YA, Huang, S and Gmitter, FG (2006) Mining and characterizing microsatellites from citrus ESTs. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 112: 1248–1257.Google Scholar
Cordeiro, GM, Casu, R, McIntyre, CL, Manners, JM and Henry, RJ (2001) Microsatellite markers from sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) ESTs cross transferable to erianthus and sorghum. Plant Science 160: 1115–1123.Google Scholar
Damodaran, M and Ramaswamy, R (1937) Isolation of L-dopa from the seeds of Mucuna pruriens . Biochemistry 31: 2149–2151.Google Scholar
Daxenbichler, ME, Van Etten, CH, Hallinan, EA, Earle, FR and Barclay, SA (1971) Seeds as sources of L-Dopa. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 14: 463–465.Google Scholar
Daxenbichler, ME, Kleiman, R, Weisleder, D, Van Etten, CH and Carlson, KD (1972) Tetrahedron Letters, pp. 1801.Google Scholar
Dhawan, SS, Rai, GK, Darokar, MP, Lal, RK, Misra, HO and Khanuja, SPS (2011) Comparative genetic analysis of trichome-less and normal pod genotypes of Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae). Genetics and Molecular Research 10: 2049–2056.Google Scholar
Diallo, OK, Kante, S, Myhrman, R, Soumah, M, Cissé, NY and Berhe, T (2002) Increasing farmer adoption of Mucuna pruriens as human food and animal feed in the Republic of Guinea. In: Flores, BM, Eilittä, M, Myhrman, R, Carew, LB and Carsky, RJ (eds) Food and Feed from Mucuna: Current uses and the Way Forward, Workshop, (April 26–29, 2000) . Tegucigalpa, Honduras: CIDICCO, CIEPCA and World Hunger Research Center, pp. 60–72.Google Scholar
Doyle, JJ, Chappill, JA, Bailey, DC and Kajita, T (2000) Towards a comprehensive phytogeny of legumes: evidence from rbcL sequences and non-molecular data. In: Herendeen, PS and Bruneau, A (eds) Advances in Legume System Part 9. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Bulletin. pp. 1–20.Google Scholar
Duke, JA (1981) Handbook of Legumes of World Economic Importance. New York, USA: Plenum Press, pp. 345.Google Scholar
Eilitta, M, Bressani, R, Carew, LB, Carsky, RJ, Flores, M, Gilbert, R, Huyck, L, St. Laurent, L and Szabo, NJ (2002) Mucuna as a food and feed crop: An overview. In: Flores, BM, Eilittä, M, Myhrman, R, Carew, LB and Carsky, RJ (eds) Food and Feed from Mucuna: Current uses and the Way Forward , Workshop, (April 26–29, 2000) Tegucigalpa, Honduras: CIDICCO, CIEPCA and World Hunger Research Center, pp. 18–47.Google Scholar
Ellis, JL (1990) Flora of Nallamalais 2: 220–490.Google Scholar
Farooqi, AA, Khan, MM and Asundhara, M (1999) Production Technology of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops. Bangalore, India: Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., pp. 26–28.Google Scholar
Fathima, KR, Tresina Soris, P and Mohan, VR (2010) Nutritional and antinutritional assessment of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC var. pruriens an underutilized tribal pulse. Advances in Bioresearch 1: 79–89.Google Scholar
Frary, A, Göl, D, Keleş, D, Ökmen, B, Pınar, H, Şığva, HO, Yemenicioğlu, A and Doğanlar, S (2010) Salt tolerance in Solanum pennellii: antioxidant response and related QTL. BMC Plant Biology 10: 58.Google Scholar
Fujii, Y, Shibuya, T and Yasuda, T (1991) L-3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine as an allelochemical candidate from Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis . Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 55: 617–618.Google Scholar
Gray, G, Tse, MD, Brian, B, Kim, MD, Aaron, M, McMurtray, MD and Nakamoto, BK (2013) Case of Levodopa toxicity from ingestion of Mucuna gigantean . Hawaii Journal of Medicine and Public Health 72: 157–160.Google Scholar
Gurumoorthi, P, Senthil Kumar, S, Vadivel, V and Janardhanan, K (2003) Studies on agrobotanical characters of different accessions of velvet bean collected from Western Ghats, South India. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 2: 105–115.Google Scholar
Han, OK, Kaga, A, Isemura, T, Wang, XW, Tomooka, N and Vaughan, DA (2005) A genetic linkage map for azuki bean [Vigna angularis (Wild.) Ohwi and Ohashi]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 111: 1278–1287.Google Scholar
Hayashi, M, Miyahara, A, Sato, S, Kato, T, Yoshikawa, M, Taketa, M, Hayashi, M, Pedrosa, A, Onda, R, Imaizumi-Anraku, H, Bachmair, A, Sandal, N, Stougaard, J, Murooka, Y, Tabata, S, Kawasaki, S, Kawaguchi, M and Harada, K (2001) Construction of a genetic linkage map of the model legume Lotus Japonicus using an Intraspecific F2 population. DNA Research 8: 301–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iyayi, EA and Egharevba, JI (1998) Biochemical evaluation of seeds of an underutilized legume (Mucuna utilis). Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 25: 40–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaheer, M and Sathyanarayana, N (2010) Karyomorphological studies in Mucuna of India. Chromosome Botany 5: 37–41.Google Scholar
Jaheer, M, Chopra, R, Kunder, KR, Bhat, D, Rashmi, KV and Sathyanarayana, N (2015) Cytogenetic and ITS-psbA-trnH sequence analysis for phylogenetic inference in Mucuna sp. of India. Tropical Plant Biology 8: 108–116.Google Scholar
Janardhanan, K and Lakshmanan, KK (1985) Studies on the pulse, Mucuna utilis: chemical composition and antinutritional factors. Journal of Food Science and Technology 22: 369–371.Google Scholar
Janardhanan, K, Gurumoorthi, P and Pugalenthi, M (2003) Nutritional potential of five accessions of a South Indian tribal pulse, Mucuna pruriens var. utilis I, The effect of processing methods on the content of L-Dopa, phytic acid and oligosaccharides. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 1: 141–152.Google Scholar
Jorge, MA, Eilitta, M, Proud, FJ, Barbara Maasdorp, V, Beksissa, H, Ashok Sarial, K and Hanson, J (2007) Mucuna species: recent advances in application of biotechnology. Fruit Vegetable Cereal Science and Biotechnology 2: 80–94.Google Scholar
Julier, B, Flajoulot, S, Barre, P, Cardinet, G, Santoni, S, Huguet, T and Huyghe, C (2003) Construction of two genetic linkage maps in cultivated tetraploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa) using microsatellite and AFLP markers. BMC Plant Biology 3: 9.Google Scholar
Kala, BK and Mohan, VR (2010) Nutritional and antinutritional potential of three accessions of itching bean (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC var. pruriens): an under-utilized tribal pulse. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 61: 497–511.Google Scholar
Kalidass, C and Mohan, VR (2011) Nutritional and antinutritional composition of itching bean [Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. pruriens]. An underutilized tribal pulse in Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, Trop. Subtropical Agroecosystems 14: 279–293.Google Scholar
Kantety, RV, La Rota, M, Matthews, DE and Sorrells, ME (2002) Data mining for simple sequence repeats in expressed sequence tags from barley, maize, rice, sorghum and wheat. Plant Molecular Biology 48: 501–510.Google Scholar
Kavitha, C and Thanagmani, C (2014) Amazing bean “Mucuna pruriens”- a comprehensive review. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 8: 138–143.Google Scholar
Kongjaimun, A, Kaga, A, Tomooka, N, Somta, P, Shimizu, T, Shu, Y, lsemura, T, Vaughan, DA and Srinives, P (2012) An SSR-based linkage map of yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Sub sp., unguiculata Sesquipedalis Group) and QTL analysis of pod length. Genome 55: 81–92.Google Scholar
Krishnamurthy, R, Chandrokar, MS, Kalzunkar, BG, Palsule Desai, MR, Pathak, JM and Gupta, R (2005) Diversity evaluation in velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) germplasm for seed yield and associated agronomic traits. International Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 27: 291–296.Google Scholar
Lahiri, K, Mukhopadhyay, MJ and Mukhopadhyay, S (2010) Karyotype analysis and in situ 4C nuclear DNA quantification in two varieties of Mucuna pruriens L. Journal of Tropical Medicinal Plants 11: 219–225.Google Scholar
Lavin, M, Doyle, JJ and Palmer, JD (1990) Evolutionary significance of the loss of the chloroplast-DNA inverted repeat in the Leguminoceae subfamily Papilionoideae. Evolution 44: 390–402.Google Scholar
Lawal, OS and Adebowale, KO (2004) Effect of acetylation and succinylation on solubility profile, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity and emulsifying properties of Mucuna bean (Mucuna pruriens) protein concentrate. Nahrung/Food 48: 129–136.Google Scholar
Lee, J and Hymowitz, T (2001) A molecular phylogenetic study of the subtribe Glycininae (Leguminosae) derived from the chloroplast DNA rps16 intron sequences. American Journal of Botany 88: 2064–2073.Google Scholar
Leelambika, M and Sathyanarayana, N (2011) Genetic characterization of Indian Mucuna (Leguminoceae) species using morphometric and random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) approaches. Plant Biosystems 145: 786–797.Google Scholar
Leelambika, M, Mahesh, S, Jaheer, M and Sathyanarayana, N (2010) Comparative evaluation of genetic diversity among Indian Mucuna species using morphometric, biochemical and molecular approaches. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 6: 568–578.Google Scholar
Lorenzetti, F, MacIsaac, S, Arnason, JT, Awang, DVC and Buckles, D (1998) The phytochemistry, toxicology, and food potential of M. pruriens (Mucuna Adans. spp., Fabaceae). In: Buckles, D, Eteka, A, Osiname, M, Galiba, M and Galiano, G (eds) Cover crops in West Africa - contributing to sustainable agriculture. Otawa, Canada: IDRC, IITA, Sasakawa Global 2000; Ibadan, Nigeria; Cotonou, Benin, pp. 67–84.Google Scholar
Lubis, SHA, Sastrapradja, S, Lubis, I and Sastrapradja, D (1978) Genetic variation of Mucuna pruriens. II. Inheritance of flower color. Ann Bogorienses 4: 187–191.Google Scholar
Lubis, SHA, Sastrapradja, S, Lubis, I and Sastrapradja, D (1979) Genetic variation of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. III inheritance of pod hairs. Ann Bogorienses 1: 1–10.Google Scholar
Lubis, SHA, Sastrapradja, S, Lubis, I and Sastrapradja, D (1980) Genetic variation of Mucuna pruriens. IV. Inheritance and genotypes of seed coat colors. Ann Bogorienses 8: 79–87.Google Scholar
Mahajani, SS, Doshi, VJ and Parikh, KM (1996) Bioavailability of L-Dopa from HP-200- a formulation of seed powder of Mucuna pruriens (Bak): a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study. Phytotherapy Research 10: 254–256.3.0.CO;2-E>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahesh, S and Sathyanarayana, N (2011a) Identification of contrasting genotypes for Fusarium wilt disease in M. pruriens germplasm through combined in vitro screening and AFLP analysis. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding 2: 510–519.Google Scholar
Mahesh, S and Sathyanarayana, N (2011b) The genotype environment interaction and stability analysis for L-Dopa trait in M. pruriens seeds. Indian Journal of Genetics 71: 279–282.Google Scholar
Mahesh, S and Sathyanarayana, N (2015) Intra-specific variability for salinity tolerance in Indian Mucuna pruriens L. (DC.) Germplasm. Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology 18: 181–194. doi: 10.1007/s12892-015-0019-7.Google Scholar
Mamatha, B, Shivananda, TN and Siddaramappa, R (2006) Nitrogen Fixing Ability of 13 Enotypes of Mucuna pruriens. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: 18th World Congress of Soil Science, pp. 9–15.Google Scholar
Mamatha, B, Siddaramappa, R and Shivananda, TN (2010) Evaluation of Mucuna utilis germplasm for higher biomass production, active principle and seed yield. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research 4: 1297–1300.Google Scholar
Mary, JR and Janardhanan, K (1992) Studies on chemical composition and antinutritional factors in three germplasm seed materials of the tribal pulse. Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Food Chemistry 43: 13–18.Google Scholar
Miller, ER (1920) Dihydroxyphenylalanine, a constituent of the velvet bean. Journal of Biological Chemistry 44: 481–486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Modi, KP, Natvarlal Patel, NM and Goyal, RK (2008) Estimation of L-Dopa from Mucuna pruriens Linn and formulations containing M. pruriens by HPTLC method. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 56: 357–359.Google Scholar
Mohan, VR and Janardhanan, K (1995) Chemical analysis and nutritional assessment of lesser known pulses of the genus, Mucuna . Food Chemistry 52: 275–280.Google Scholar
Muinga, RW, Saha, HM and Mureithi, JG (2003) The effect of Mucuna (Mucuna pruriens) forage on the performance of lactating cows. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 1: 87–91.Google Scholar
Nair, NC and Henry, AN (1983) Flora of Tamil Nadu, India, Series 1: Analysis. Coimbatore: Botanical Survey of India, Vol. 1.Google Scholar
Oudhia, P (2002) Kapikachu or Cowhage (M. pruriens) Crop Fact Sheet. Version of 5–9.Google Scholar
Padmesh, P, Reji, JV, Jinish Dhar, M and Seeni, D (2006) Estimation of genetic diversity in varieties of M. pruriens using RAPD. Biologia Plantarum 50: 367–372.Google Scholar
Palmer, JD, Nugent, JM and Herbon, LA (1987) Unusual structure of geranium chloroplast DNA: a triple sized inverted repeat, extensive gene duplications, multiple inversions, and two repeat families. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 84: 769–773.Google Scholar
Pieris, N, Jansz, ER and Dharmadasa, HM (1980) Studies on Mucuna species of Sri Lanka 1- The L-Dopa content of seeds. Journal of Natural Sciences 8: 35–40.Google Scholar
Pimentel, D (1997) Techniques for Reducing Pesticides: Environmental and Economic Benefits. Chichester, UK: John Wiley, p. 444.Google Scholar
Prakash, D and Tewari, SK (1999) Variation on L-DOPA content in Mucuna species. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences 21: 343–346.Google Scholar
Pugalenthi, M and Vadivel, V (2007a) L-Dopa (L-3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine): non-protein toxic amino acid in Mucuna pruriens seeds. Food 1: 322–343.Google Scholar
Pugalenthi, M and Vadivel, V (2007b) Agro biodiversity of eleven accessions of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wall ex. Wight) Baker ex Burck (velvet bean) collected from four districts of south India. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 54: 1117–1124.Google Scholar
Pugalenthi, M, Vadivel, V and Siddhuraju, P (2005) Alternative food/feed perspectives of an underutilized legume Mucuna pruriens var. utilis – a review. Plant Foods and Human Nutrition 60: 201–218.Google Scholar
Queneherve, P, Topart, P and Martiny, B (1998) Mucuna pruriens and other rotational crops for control of Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis in vegetables in polytunnels in Martinique. Nematropica 28: 19–30.Google Scholar
Rai, PP and Saidu, M (1977) Characterization of L-DOPA in seeds of Mucuna sloanei . Current Science 46: 778.Google Scholar
Rai, MK, Kalia, RK, Singh, R, Gangola, MP and Dhawan, AK (2011) Developing stress tolerant plants through in vitro selection. An overview of the recent progress. Environmental and Experimental Botany 71: 89–98.Google Scholar
Rajaram, N and Janardhanan, K (1991) The biochemical composition and nutritional potential of the tribal pulse, Mucuna gigantea (Wild) DC. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 41: 45–51.Google Scholar
Raman Singh, M, Pawan Saini, K, Satish Mathur, C, Gyanendra Singh, N and Santosh Kumar, (2010) Application of high performance liquid chromatography to the determination and validation of levodopa in the methanolic extract of Mucuna utilis . International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 156–158.Google Scholar
Saldanha, CJ (1996) Flora of Karnataka. ISBN 81-204-1040-8.Google Scholar
Sampath, V, Mohamed Faizal, K and Mani Babu, N (2013) A novel approach of the isolation of L-Dopa from the methanolic extract of Mucuna pruriens seeds and its quantitative analysis by HPTLC. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Research 5: 259–262.Google Scholar
Sastrapradja, S, Sastrapradja, D, Aminah, SH, Lubis, I and Idris, S (1974) Morphological and cytological investigation on some species of Mucuna (Papilionaceae). Ann Bogorienses 5: 173–178.Google Scholar
Sathyanarayana, N, Bharath Kumar, TN, Vikas, PB and Rajesha, R (2008) In vitro clonal propagation of Mucuna pruriens var. utilis and its evaluation of genetic stability through RAPD markers. African Journal of Biotechnology 7: 973–980.Google Scholar
Siddhuraju, P and Becker, K (2001) Effect of various indigenous processing methods on the ∝- galactoside and mono- and disaccharide content of an Indian tribal pulse, Mucuna pruriens var. utilis. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 81: 718–725.Google Scholar
Siddhuraju, P and Becker, K (2005) Nutritional and antinutritional composition, in vitro amino acid availability, starch digestibility and predicted glycemic index of differentially processed Mucuna beans (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis): an under-utilized legume. Food Chemistry 91: 275–286.Google Scholar
Siddhuraju, P, Becker, K and Makkar, HP (2000) Studies on the nutritional composition and antinutritional factors of three different germplasm seed materials of an under-utilized tropical legume, Mucuna pruriens var. utilis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48: 6048–6060.Google Scholar
Singh, AK, Malik, SS and Tomar, YS (2008) Studies on the medicinal compound L-Dopa in Mucuna pruriens (Bak.). Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources 21: 217–220.Google Scholar
Singh, AP, Sarkar, S, Tripathi, M and Rajender, S (2013) Mucuna pruriens and its major constituent L-DOPA recover spermatogenic loss by combating ROS, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis. PLoS ONE. 8: e54655.Google Scholar
Soares, AR, Marchiosi, R, Soares, RCS, Lima, RB, Santos, WD and Ferrarese-Filho, O (2014) The role of L-Dopa in plants. Plant Signalling and Behavior. 9: e28275-1–7.Google Scholar
St. Laurent, L, Livesey, J, Arnason, JT and Bruneau, A (2002) Variation in L-dopa concentration in acessions of M. pruriens (L.) DC. and in Mucuna brachycarpa Rech. In: Flores, M, Eilittä, M, Myhrman, R, Carew, LB and Carsky, RJ (eds) Food and Feed from Mucuna: Current uses and the Way Forward, Proceedings of an International Workshop. Tegucigalpa, Honduras: CIDICCO, CIEPCA, World Hunger Research Center, pp. 352–373.Google Scholar
Staub, JE, Serquen, FC and Gupta, M (1996) Genetic markers, map construction, and their application in plant breeding. Horticultural Science 31: 729–740.Google Scholar
Stefanovic, S, Bernard, EP, Jeffrey, DP and Jeff, JD (2009) Relationship among Phaseoloid legumes based on sequences from eight chloroplast regions. Systematic Botany 34: 115–128.Google Scholar
Sun, X, Yang, T, Hao, J, Zhang, X, Ford, R, Jiang, J, Wang, F, Guan, J and Zong, X (2014) SSR genetic linkage map construction of pea (Pisum sativum L.) based on Chinese native varieties. The Crop Journal 170–174.Google Scholar
Szabo, NJ (2003) Indolealkylamines in Mucuna species. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 1: 295–307.Google Scholar
Szabo, NJ and Tebbett, IR (2002) The chemistry and toxicity of Mucuna species. In: Flores, M, Eilittä, M, Myhrman, R, Carew, LB and Carsky, RJ (eds) Mucuna as a Food and Feed: Current uses and the Way Forward, Workshop held April 26–29, 2000 in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Tegucigalpa, Honduras: CIDICCO, CIEPCA, and World Hunger Research Center, CIDICCO, Honduras, pp. 120–141.Google Scholar
Tarawali, G, Manyong, VM, Carsky, RJ, Vissoh, PV, Osei-Bonsu, P and Galiba, M (1999) Adoption of improved fallows in West Africa: lessons from Mucuna and Stylo case studies. Agroforestry Systems 47: 93–122.Google Scholar
Tatikonda, L, Wani, SP, Kannan, S, Beerelli, N, Sreedevi, TK, David, A, Hoisington, DA, Prathibha Devi, P and Varshney, RK (2009) AFLP-based molecular characterization of an elite germplasm collection of Jatropha curcas L., a biofuel plant. Plant Science 176: 505–513.Google Scholar
Teixeira, AA, Rich, EC and Szabo, NJ (2003) Water extraction of L-Dopa form Mucuna bean . Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 1: 159–171.Google Scholar
Thoquet, P, Gherardi, M, Journet, EP, Kereszt, A and Ane, JM (2002) The molecular genetic linkage map of the model legume Medicago truncatula: an essential tool for comparative legume genomics and the isolation of agronomically important genes. BMC Plant Biology 2: 1.Google Scholar
Wilmot-Dear, CM (1984) A revision of Mucuna (Leguminosae-Phaseoleae) in China and Japan. Kew Bulletin 39: 23–65.Google Scholar
Wilmot-Dear, CM (1987) A revision of Mucuna (Leguminosae-Phaseolae) in the Indian Subcontinent and Burma. Kew Bulletin 42: 23–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilmot-Dear, CM (1989) A revision of Mucuna (Leguminosae, Phaseoleae) in the Pacific. Kew Bulletin 45: 1–35.Google Scholar
Wilmot-Dear, CM (1990) A revision of Mucuna (Leguminosae, Phaseoleae) in the Philippines. Kew Bulletin 46: 213–251.Google Scholar
Wilmot-Dear, CM (1991) A revision of Mucuna (Leguminosae, Phaseoleae) in Thailand, Indochina and the Malay Peninsula. Kew Bulletin 47: 203–245.Google Scholar
Yuste-Lisbona, FJ, Santalla, M, Capel, C, García-Alcázar, M, De La Fuente, M, Capel, J, De Ron, AM and Lozano, R (2012) Marker-based linkage map of Andean common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and mapping of QTLs underlying popping ability traits. BMC Plant Biology 12, 136.Google Scholar