Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T09:41:17.741Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

“We Were outside History”: The Middle Ages in Invisible Man and the Struggle for Black Lives in 2020

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 June 2021

Cord J. Whitaker
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Theories and Methodologies
Information
PMLA , Volume 136 , Issue 3 , May 2021 , pp. 432 - 440
Copyright
Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Modern Language Association of America

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Works Cited

Achi, Andrea Myers, and Chaganti, Seeta. “‘Semper Novi Quid ex Africa’: Redrawing the Borders of Medieval African Art and Considering Its Implications for Medieval Studies.” Disturbing Times: Medieval Pasts, Reimagined Futures, edited by Karkov, Catherine E. et al. , Punctum Books, 2020, pp. 73–106.Google Scholar
Alvarez, Alejandro. “Damage on Chestnut Street after a Night of Protests and Riots.” The Philadelphia Inquirer, 31 May 2020, www.inquirer.com/news/damage-on-chestnut-street-after-a-night-of-protests-and-riots-20200531.html.Google Scholar
Bartholomeus, Anglicus. De proprietatibus rerum. 1601. Minerva, 1964.Google Scholar
Benston, Kimberly. “I Yam What I Am: The Topos of (Un)naming in Afro-American Literature.” Black Literature and Literary Theory, edited by Gates, Henry Louis Jr., Methuen, 1984, pp. 151–72.Google Scholar
Carr, Marshall Jr. “Black Anxiety Spiked after George Floyd: So Thanks for Checking In, but No, I'm Not OK.” Think, NBC News, 23 June 2020, www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/black-anxiety-spiked-after-george-floyd-so-thanks-checking-no-ncna1231809.Google Scholar
Chaucer, Geoffrey. “Anelida and Arcite.” The Riverside Chaucer, edited by Benson, Larry D., Houghton Mifflin, 1987, pp. 375–81.Google Scholar
Chaucer, Geoffrey. General Prologue. The Riverside Chaucer, edited by Benson, Larry D., Houghton Mifflin, 1987, pp. 23–36.Google Scholar
Du Bois, W. E. B. Dark Princess: A Romance. UP of Mississippi, 1995.Google Scholar
Du Bois, W. E. B. Souls of Black Folk. Barnes and Noble, 2003.Google Scholar
Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. Vintage International, 1995.Google Scholar
Fogelson, Robert M, and Hill, Robert B.. “Who Riots? A Study of Participation in the 1967 Riots.” Grimshaw, Racial Violence, pp. 313–16.Google Scholar
Ford, Antonio. “Harlem Race Riot of 1935.” Encyclopedia of Race and Crime, edited by Green, Helen Taylor and Gabbidon, Shaun L., SAGE Publications, 2009, doi.org/10.4135/9781412971928.n134.Google Scholar
Gilad, Elon. “What Does the Official Uniform of the KKK Have to Do with Medieval Easter Penitents?” Haaretz, 14 Apr. 2017, www.haaretz.com/us-news/MAGAZINE-what-has-kkk-garb-to-do-with-easter-penitents-1.5460746?v=1600366035828.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Cheryl. “The Politics of Disorder: Reexamining Harlem's Riots of 1935 and 1943.” Journal of Urban History, vol. 18, no. 4, Aug. 1992, pp. 395–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimshaw, Allen D. “The Harlem Disturbances of 1935 and 1943: Deviant Cases?” Grimshaw, Racial Violence, pp. 116–19.Google Scholar
Grimshaw, Allen D., editor. Racial Violence in the United States. Aldine Publishing, 1969.Google Scholar
Inquirer Staff Photographers. “Philadelphia Photos: Center City Vandalized, Looted following Protests over George Floyd Killing.” The Philadelphia Inquirer, 31 May 2020, www.inquirer.com/photo/philadelphians-gather-mourn-george-floyd-20200530.html.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Amy S. “The Birth of a National Disgrace: Medievalism and the KKK.” The Public Medievalist, 21 Nov. 2017, www.publicmedievalist.com/birth-national-disgrace/.Google Scholar
Khanmohamadi, Shirin. In Light of Another's Word: European Ethnography in the Middle Ages. U of Pennsylvania P, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Dorothy, editor. Critical Race and the Middle Ages, special issue of Literature Compass, vol. 16, nos. 9–10, 2019, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/17414113/2019/16/9-10.Google Scholar
Kim, Dorothy “Teaching Medieval Studies in a Time of White Supremacy.” In the Middle, 28 Aug. 2017, www.inthemedievalmiddle.com/2017/08/teaching-medieval-studies-in-time-of.html.Google Scholar
Levy, Eugene. James Weldon Johnson: Black Leader, Black Voice. U of Chicago P, 1973.Google Scholar
Locke, Alain. “Harlem: Dark Weather-Vane.” Survey Graphic, vol. 25, no. 8, Aug. 1936, pp. 457+, umedia.lib.umn.edu/item/p16022coll336:6952/p16022coll336:6918?child_index=18&query=&sidebar_page=7.Google Scholar
Lomuto, Sierra. “Public Medievalism and the Rigor of Anti-racist Critique.” In the Middle, 4 Apr. 2019, www.inthemedievalmiddle.com/2019/04/public-medievalism-and-rigor-of-anti.html.Google Scholar
Lomuto, Sierra. “White Nationalism and the Ethics of Medieval Studies.” In the Middle, 5 Dec. 2016, www.inthemedievalmiddle.com/2016/12/white-nationalism-and-ethics-of.html.Google Scholar
Mayor's Commission on Conditions in Harlem. The Negro in Harlem: A Report on Social and Economic Conditions Responsible for the Outbreak of March 19, 1935. 1936.Google Scholar
McCrystal, Laura. “Philly City Council Has Formally Apologized for the Deadly 1985 MOVE Bombing.” The Philadelphia Inquirer, 16 Nov. 2020, www.inquirer.com/news/philadelphia/move-bombing-apology-philadelphia-walter-wallace-20201112.html.Google Scholar
Neighbors, Jim. “Plunging (outside of) History: Naming and Self-Possession in Invisible Man.” African American Review, vol. 36, no. 2, Summer 2002, pp. 227–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyikos, Daniel. “‘Hey Ras. . . . Is It You, Destroyer? Rinehart?’: The Ideological Choice between Rinehart and Ras in Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man.” Americana: E-Journal of American Studies in Hungary, vol. 12, no. 2, Fall 2016, americanaejournal.hu/vol12no2/nyikos.Google Scholar
Patterson, Lee. “Chaucer's Pardoner on the Couch: Psyche and Clio in Medieval Literary Studies.” Speculum, vol. 76, no. 3, 2001, pp. 638–80.Google Scholar
“Police End Harlem Riot; Mayor Starts Inquiry; Dodge Sees a Red Plot.” The New York Times, late ed., 21 Mar. 1935, pp. 1+.Google Scholar
Rambaran-Olm, Mary, et al. , editors. Race, Revulsion, and Revolution, special issue of Postmedieval, vol. 11, no. 4, 2020.Google Scholar
Ramey, Lynn T. Black Legacies: Race and the European Middle Ages. UP of Florida, 2014.Google Scholar
Seymour, M. C., editor. The Defective Version of Mandeville's Travels. Oxford UP, 2002. Early English Text Society Original Series 319.Google Scholar
Stewart, Jeffrey. “Harlem Renaissance.” Online NewsHour Forum, PBS, 20 Feb. 1998, web.archive.org/web/20120226085657/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/february98/harlem5.html.Google Scholar
Sturtevant, Paul B. “Race, Racism, and the Middle Ages: Tearing Down the ‘Whites Only’ Medieval World.” Race, Racism, and the Middle Ages, special series of The Public Medievalist, 7 Feb. 2017, www.publicmedievalist.com/race-racism-middle-ages-tearing-whites-medieval-world/.Google Scholar
Tanenbaum, Michael. “Philly Woman Charged with Allegedly Burning Two Police Cars at City Hall Protest.” Philly Voice, 17 June 2020, www.phillyvoice.com/philly-protests-woman-charged-burning-police-cars-blumenthal-lore-elisabeth/.Google Scholar
Taylor, Clarence. Fight the Power: African Americans and the Long History of Police Brutality in New York City. New York UP, 2018.Google Scholar
Trevisa, John. On the Properties of Things: John Trevisa's Translation of Bartholomaeus Anglicus De proprietatibus rerum: A Critical Text, edited by Seymour, M. C., 3 vols., Clarendon Press, 1975–78.Google Scholar
Vernon, Matthew X. The Black Middle Ages: Race and the Construction of the Middle Ages. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vought, Russell. “Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies.” The White House, Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, 4 Sept. 2020, www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/M-20-34.pdf.Google Scholar
Whelan, Aubrey, et al. “Besieged, Then Betrayed.” The Philadelphia Inquirer, 17 July 2020, www.inquirer.com/crime/a/west-philadelphia-52nd-street-protest-police-response-tear-gas-20200717.html.Google Scholar
Whitaker, Cord J. “B(l)ack Home in the Middle Ages: Medievalism in Jessie Redmon Fauset's ‘My House and a Glimpse of My Life Therein.’” Postmedieval, vol. 10, no. 2, 2019, pp. 162–75.Google Scholar
Whitaker, Cord J. Black Metaphors: How Modern Racism Emerged from Medieval Race-Thinking. U of Pennsylvania P, 2019.Google Scholar
Whitaker, Cord J., editor. Making Race Matter in the Middle Ages, special issue of Postmedieval, vol. 6, no. 1, 2015.Google Scholar
Whitaker, Cord J. “The Middle Ages in the Harlem Renaissance.” Whose Middle Ages? Teachable Moments for an Ill-Used Past, edited by Albin, Andrew et al. , Fordham UP, 2019, pp. 80–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcox, Johnnie. “Black Power: Minstrelsy and Electricity in Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man.” Callaloo, vol. 30, no. 4, 2007, pp. 987–1009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, Helen. “Where Do the ‘White Middle Ages’ Come From?” Race, Racism, and the Middle Ages, special series of The Public Medievalist, 21 Mar. 2017, www.publicmedievalist.com/white-middle-ages-come/.Google Scholar
Young, Helen. “White Supremacists Love the Middle Ages.” In the Middle, 16 Aug. 2017, www.inthemedievalmiddle.com/2017/08/white-supremacists-love-middle-ages.htmlGoogle Scholar