Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T09:56:37.735Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Lawino in the Library: Anthropology, Modernity, and the Profession of African Literature

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2022

Abstract

This essay examines the shadowy brokerage of literary and anthropological value during the era of decolonization and its connection to the institutionalizing of African literature. Drawing on original archival research, it recovers the conversation between the Ugandan poet Okot p'Bitek's major long poem Song of Lawino and the Oxford Library of African Literature, a series of oral-literature anthologies edited by Okot's and Talal Asad's advisers at the Oxford Institute of Social Anthropology. Instead of reciprocating the series's temporal and hierarchical assumptions, which appropriate late modernist literary criticism's nostalgic veneration of the British past, Song of Lawino reconfigures the protocols for the textual production of oral poetry by revising social anthropology's theories of time and matter. If accounts of the departmentalization of African literature portray it as a transfer of colonial paradigms to postcolonial contexts, this interfield account of the making of Song of Lawino calls for an alternative history.

Type
Essay
Copyright
Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Modern Language Association of America

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Works Cited

“Above, President Kenyatta and Members of the Kenya Cabinet Mourn Mr. Mboya.” East African Standard, 8 July 1969, p. 1.Google Scholar
Allen, Tim. Introduction. Lawino's People: The Acholi of Uganda, by p'Bitek, Okot and Girling, Frank Knowles, edited by Allen, Lit Verlag, 2019, pp. 746.Google Scholar
Amoko, Apollo Obonyo. Postcolonialism in the Wake of the Nairobi Revolution: Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o and the Idea of African Literature. Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Appiah, Kwame Anthony. In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture. Oxford UP, 1992.Google Scholar
Asad, Talal. E-mail to the author. 3 Feb. 2019.Google Scholar
Asad, Talal. Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, and Modernity. Stanford UP, 2003.Google Scholar
Asad, Talal. Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam. Johns Hopkins UP, 1993.Google Scholar
Asad, Talal. The Kababish. 1968. Oxford U, doctoral dissertation.Google Scholar
Asad, Talal. The Kababish Arabs: Power, Authority and Consent in a Nomadic Tribe. Praeger, 1970.Google Scholar
Asad, Talal. Letter to E. E. Evans-Pritchard. 6 Oct. 1962. Library of African Literature papers, Oxford UP Archive, BACKB 00437, box BLB 94, file 3.Google Scholar
Asad, Talal. Letter to E. E. Evans-Pritchard. 10 Jan. 1964. Library of African Literature papers, Oxford UP Archive, BACKB 00437, box BLB 94, file 3.Google Scholar
Atieno-Odhiambo, E. S.The Dead End of Uhuru Worship: Review of Song of Prisoner by Okot p'Bitek.” Busara, vol. 3, no. 4, 1971, pp. 5164.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. Pascalian Meditations. Translated by Nice, Richard, Polity Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Branch, Daniel. Kenya: Between Hope and Despair, 1963–2010. Yale UP, 2011.Google Scholar
Brouillette, Sarah. Postcolonial Writers in the Global Literary Marketplace. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chakava, Henry. Letter to James Currey. 23 Dec. 1976. HEB Heinemann Educational Books Archive, U of Reading Special Collections, box 26, folder 7.Google Scholar
Collini, Stefan. The Nostalgic Imagination: History in English Criticism. Oxford UP, 2019.Google Scholar
Davis, Caroline. Creating Postcolonial Literature: African Writers and British Publishers. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eliot, T. S.Tradition and the Individual Talent.” The Perfect Critic, 1919–1926, edited by Cuda, Anthony and Schuchard, Ronald, Johns Hopkins UP, 2014, pp. 105–14. Vol. 2 of The Complete Prose of T. S. Eliot: The Critical Edition.Google Scholar
Esty, Jed. A Shrinking Island: Modernism and National Culture in England. Princeton UP, 2003.Google Scholar
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. Review handlist. Library of African Literature papers, Oxford UP Archive, BACKB 00437, box BLB 94, file 2.Google Scholar
Fabian, Johannes. Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object. Columbia UP, 1983.Google Scholar
Friedman, Susan Stanford. “Cosmopolitanism, Religion, Diaspora: Kwame Anthony Appiah and Contemporary Muslim Women's Writing.” New Literary History, vol. 49, no. 2, spring 2018, pp. 199225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garuba, Harry, and Okot, Benge. “Lateral Texts and Circuits of Value: Okot p'Bitek's Song of Lawino and Wer pa Lawino.” Social Dynamics, vol. 43, no. 2, 2017, pp. 312–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gikandi, Simon. “Globalization and the Claims of Postcoloniality.” South Atlantic Quarterly, vol. 100, no. 3, 2001, pp. 627–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gikandi, Simon. “Song of Lawino: Translation, Textuality, and the Making of an African Reading Public.” Postcolonial Text, vol. 16, no. 4, 2021, pp. 120.Google Scholar
Goldthorpe, J. E. “The Present Position of Elite Studies.” Makerere Institute of Social Research (East African Institute of Social Research), July 1962, pp. 14.Google Scholar
Hale, Frederick. “A Ugandan Critique of Western Caricatures of African Spirituality: Okot p'Bitek in Historical Context.” Journal for the Study of Religion, vol. 21, no. 2, 2008, pp. 1931.Google Scholar
Helgesson, Stefan. “How Writing Becomes (World) Literature: Singularity, the Universalizable, and the Implied Writer.” Institutions of World Literature, edited by Pieter Vermeulen and Helgesson, Routledge, 2016, pp. 2338.Google Scholar
Hill, David. Letter to James Currey. 13 July 1972. HEB Heinemann Educational Books Archive, U of Reading Special Collections, box 26, folder 7.Google Scholar
Hilliard, Christopher. English as a Vocation: The Scrutiny Movement. Oxford UP, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huggan, Graham. The Postcolonial Exotic: Marketing the Margins. Routledge, 2001.Google Scholar
Ibironke, Olabode. Remapping African Literature. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, Jeanne-Marie, and Suhr-Sytsma, Nathan. “Introduction: Religion, Secularity, and African Writing.” Research in African Literatures, vol. 48, no. 2, summer 2017, pp. viixvi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JD. Letter to Okot p'Bitek. Song of Prisoner Papers, Okot p'Bitek Archive, U of Nairobi Library Archives and Rare Collection, Second Typescript II.Google Scholar
Kalliney, Peter. Commonwealth of Letters: British Literary Culture and the Emergence of Postcolonial Aesthetics. Oxford UP, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenyatta, Jomo. Facing Mount Kenya: The Traditional Life of the Gikuyu. Secker and Warburg, 1938.Google Scholar
Latour, Bruno. An Inquiry into Modes of Existence: An Anthropology of the Moderns. Harvard UP, 2013.Google Scholar
“Leaders Should Serve the People.” The People, 7 Oct. 1967, p. 17.Google Scholar
Leavis, F. R.After Ten Years: Editorial.” Scrutiny, vol. 10, no. 4, Apr. 1942, pp. 326–28.Google Scholar
Leman, Peter. Singing the Law: Oral Jurisprudence and the Crisis of Colonial Modernity in East African Literature. Liverpool UP, 2020.Google Scholar
L'Estoile, Benoît de. “The ‘Natural Preserve of Anthropologists’: Social Anthropology, Scientific Planning and Development.” Social Science Information, vol. 36, no. 2, 1997, pp. 343–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lienhardt, Godfrey. Divinity and Experience: The Religion of the Dinka. Clarendon Press, 1961.Google Scholar
Lienhardt, Godfrey. “High Gods among Some Nilotic Tribes.” Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, vol. 28, no. 1, 1997, pp. 4049.Google Scholar
Lienhardt, Godfrey. Letter to Peter Sutcliffe. 23 Feb. 1960. Library of African Literature papers, Oxford UP Archive, BACKB 00437, box BLB 94, file 2.Google Scholar
Lienhardt, Godfrey. Letter to Peter Sutcliffe. 19 May 1961. Library of African Literature papers, Oxford UP Archive, BACKB 00437, box BLB 94, file 2.Google Scholar
Lienhardt, Godfrey. “Malinowski, The Dynamics of Culture Change, ed. Phyllis M. Kaberry.Scrutiny, vol. 14, no. 1, summer 1946, pp. 7175.Google Scholar
Lienhardt, Godfrey. “Oxford Library of African Literature: Notes for Contributors.” Library of African Literature papers, Oxford UP Archive, BACKB 00437, box BLB 94, file 3.Google Scholar
Lindfors, Bernth. Early East African Writers and Publishers: Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, Okot p'Bitek, David Mallu. Africa World Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Liyong, Taban Lo. Letter to James Currey. 12 Apr. 1970. HEB Heinemann Educational Books Archive, U of Reading Special Collections, box 26, folder 7.Google Scholar
Masolo, D. A.The Concept of the Person in Luo Modes of Thought.” African Philosophy: New and Traditional Perspectives, edited by Brown, Lee M., Oxford UP, 2004, pp. 84105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masuzawa, Tomoko. The Invention of World Religions: How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism. U of Chicago P, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazrui, Ali. Epilogue. Okot, African Religions, pp. 121–34.Google Scholar
Mbiti, John. African Religions and Philosophy. Heinemann, 1969.Google Scholar
Mbiti, John, editor. Akamba Stories. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1966.Google Scholar
Mbiti, John. Letter to E. E. Evans-Pritchard. 1 Feb. 1962. Library of African Literature papers, Oxford UP Archive, BACKB 00437, box BLB 94, file 3.Google Scholar
Mbiti, John. Letter to Godfrey Lienhardt. 23 Nov. 1964. Library of African Literature papers, Oxford UP Archive, BACKB 00437, box BLB 94, file 2.Google Scholar
Mbiti, John. “The Moon.” Poems of Nature and Faith, East African Publishing House, 1969, p. 32.Google Scholar
Mbiti, John. Prayers of African Religion. SPCK, 1975.Google Scholar
Mbiti, John, and Mulei, Christopher. “John Mbiti Talks to Christopher Mulei: God and His Place in African Life.” Sunday Nation, 5 Sept. 1971, pp. 1314.Google Scholar
McCutcheon, Russell. Manufacturing Religion: The Discourse on Sui Generis Religion and the Politics of Nostalgia. Oxford UP, 1997.Google Scholar
Mills, David. Difficult Folk? A Political History of Social Anthropology. Berghahn Books, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“National Theatre Chief Sacked.” Uganda Argus, 3 Nov. 1967, p. 9.Google Scholar
Noland, Carrie. Voices of Negritude in Modernist Print: Aesthetic Subjectivity, Diaspora, and the Lyric Regime. Columbia UP, 2015.Google Scholar
Nunziata, Daniele. “The Scramble for African Orature: The Transcription, Compilation, and Marketing of African Oral Narratives in the Oxford Library of African Literature, 1964 to 1979.” Journal of Postcolonial Writing, vol. 53, no. 4, 2017, pp. 469–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obote, Milton. “The Soul of a Nation: An Adaptation from a Speech Delivered to the Makerere Arts Festival in November, 1968.” East Africa Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, 1969, pp. 56.Google Scholar
Ogot, B. A.Intellectual Smugglers in Africa.” East Africa Journal, vol. 8, no. 12, 1971, pp. 79.Google Scholar
Ogot, B. A. My Footprints on the Sands of Time: An Autobiography. Trafford Publishers, 2003.Google Scholar
Okot, p'Bitek. African Religions in Western Scholarship. East African Literature Bureau, 1971.Google Scholar
Okot, p'Bitek. “African Theism.” Philosophical Association Symposium, 18 Feb. 1972. Recording.Google Scholar
Okot, p'Bitek. “Anthropological Studies of African Religions.” African Religions in Western Scholarship Papers, Okot p'Bitek Archive, U of Nairobi Library Archives and Rare Collection. Handwritten draft.Google Scholar
Okot, p'Bitek. “The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango.” Uganda Journal, vol. 27, no. 1, 1963, pp. 1529.Google Scholar
Okot, p'Bitek. “The Crisis in the Teaching of Literature in East African Universities.” Writers in East Africa: Papers from a Colloquium Held at the University of Nairobi, June 1971, edited by Gurr, Andrew and Calder, Angus, East African Literature Bureau, 1971, pp. 122–30.Google Scholar
Okot, p'Bitek. “Face to Face: Now Let's Fight for Cultural Freedom.” The People, 11 Mar. 1967, pp. 56.Google Scholar
Okot, p'Bitek. Folder. Song of Prisoner Papers, Okot p'Bitek Archive, U of Nairobi Library Archives and Rare Collection.Google Scholar
Okot, p'Bitek. “From Africa to Bristol: An Impression—or a Judgement?” Nonesuch News, 15 Mar. 1957, p. 3.Google Scholar
Okot, p'Bitek. Full typescript of African Religions in Western Scholarship. African Religions in Western Scholarship Papers, Okot p'Bitek Archive, U of Nairobi Library Archives and Rare Collection.Google Scholar
Okot, p'Bitek. “Is Jok God?African Religions in Western Scholarship Papers, Okot p'Bitek Archive, U of Nairobi Library Archives and Rare Collection.Google Scholar
Okot, p'Bitek. Letter to E. E. Evans-Pritchard and Godfrey Lienhardt. 1 Oct. 1962. Library of African Literature papers, Oxford UP Archive, BACKB 00437, box BLB 94, file 2.Google Scholar
Okot, p'Bitek. Letter to the editor. The People, 18 July 1967, p. 4.Google Scholar
Okot, p'Bitek. Letter to the editor. Uganda Argus, 29 June 1967, p. 4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okot, p'Bitek. “National Theatre Crazy with Pop?” The People, 23 Sept. 1967, pp. 8+.Google Scholar
Okot, p'Bitek. Religion of the Central Luo. East African Literature Bureau, 1971.Google Scholar
Okot, p'Bitek. Religious Ideas of the Jo-pa-Luo of Northern Bunyoro. 1970. Oxford U, DPhil thesis.Google Scholar
Okot, p'Bitek. Song of Lawino: A Lament. East African Publishing House, 1966.Google Scholar
Okot, p'Bitek. “Song of Philip Ochieng.” Song of Prisoner Papers, Okot p'Bitek Archive, U of Nairobi Library Archives and Rare Collection, Second Typescript I.Google Scholar
Okot, p'Bitek. “Song of Prisoner.” Song of Prisoner Papers, Okot p'Bitek Archive, U of Nairobi Library Archives and Rare Collection. First Typescript.Google Scholar
Okot, p'Bitek. “This stupid bitch.” Song of Prisoner Papers, Okot p'Bitek Archive, U of Nairobi Archives and Rare Collection, Third Typescript.Google Scholar
Okot, p'Bitek. “2. A Hippo's Thigh.” Song of Prisoner Papers, Okot p'Bitek Archive, U of Nairobi Archives and Rare Collection, Third Typescript.Google Scholar
Okot, p'Bitek. “A Ugandan in the Land of Snow: National Theatre Chief Takes a Look at Norway.” Uganda Argus, 12 Jan. 1967, p. 3.Google Scholar
Peterson, Derek R. “Reading John Mbiti from Uganda.” Africa Is a Country, 18 Oct. 2019, africasacountry.com/2019/10/reading-john-mbiti-from-uganda.Google Scholar
Ramazani, Jahan. The Hybrid Muse: Postcolonial Poetry in English. U of Chicago P, 2001.Google Scholar
Reid, Richard. A History of Modern Uganda. Cambridge UP, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, Audrey. “The Colonial Office and the Organization of Social Research.” Anthropological Forum, vol. 4, no. 2, 1977, pp. 168–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rigby, Peter. “African Religions in Western Scholarship.” Mawazo, vol. 3, no. 1, June 1971, pp. 314.Google Scholar
Rubadiri, David. “Praise Poems of Tswana Chiefs.” Uganda Journal, vol. 30, no. 1, 1966, p. 117.Google Scholar
Sicherman, Carol. “Revolutionizing the Literature Curriculum at the University of East Africa: Literature and the Soul of the Nation.” Research in African Literatures, vol. 29, no. 3, autumn 1998, pp. 129–48.Google Scholar
Southall, Aidan. Alur Society: A Study in the Processes and Types of Domination. W. Heffer and Sons, 1953.Google Scholar
“Studio: Russian, American Dancers Coming.” The People, 9 Sept. 1967, p. 4.Google Scholar
Suhr-Sytsma, Nathan. Poetry, Print, and the Making of Postcolonial Literature. Cambridge UP, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Theatre Chief Takes Over.” Uganda Argus, 24 Feb. 1967, p. 3.Google Scholar
“Uhuru Festival Panorama.” The People, 30 Sept. 1967, p. 17.Google Scholar
van Rinsum, Henk J. “‘They Became Slaves of Their Definitions’: Okot p'Bitek (1931–1982) and the European Traditions in the Study of African Religions.” European Traditions in the Study of Religion in Africa, Harrassowitz Verlag, 2004, pp. 2338.Google Scholar
Won abila: Gin ma racu ma tye i paco.” Oral Literature and Its Social Background among the Acholi and Lango, by Okot J. p'Bitek. 1963. Oxford U, bachelor of letters thesis.Google Scholar