Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T07:56:26.282Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Minster and the Privy: Rereading The Prioress's Tale

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 October 2020

Abstract

Introduced at the start of The Prioress's Tale but then dropped as an overt topic, usury nevertheless informs that anti-Semitic text. This essay situates Chaucer's narrative in the complex and contradictory history of medieval lending as a theory and a practice. I stress the architectural ironies of usury in the tale and in medieval English history. The tale demonizes Jewish usurers by associating them with the most abject of built environments, the latrine, and celebrates Christians through their links to the exalted space of the church. But, in a move that reflects the flow of capital throughout Christian society, the tale ultimately undermines the opposition of church and pit. Analyzed not as fixed entities but as contingent, fluid spaces joined through the usurious infrastructure of the tale, the minster and the privy suggest a materialist critique of efforts to conceive of a purely religious space.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Modern Language Association of America, 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Works Cited

Adler, Michael. “Aaron of York.” Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England 13 (1932–35): 113–55. Print.Google Scholar
Augustine. The Manichean Debate. Trans. Roland Teske. Brooklyn: New City, 2006. Print. Vol. 19 of The Works of Saint Augustine: A Translation for the Twenty-First Century.Google Scholar
Augustine. Sermons on the New Testament. Trans. Edmund Hill. Brooklyn: New City, 1992. Print. Pt. 3, Vol. 1, of The Works of Saint Augustine: A Translation for the Twenty-First Century.Google Scholar
Anthony, Bale. The Jew in the Medieval Book: English Antisemitisms, 1350–1500. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006. Print.Google Scholar
Bayless, Martha. “The Story of the Fallen Jew and the Iconography of Jewish Unbelief.” Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies 34 (2003): 142–56. Print.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bede. On the Temple. Trans. and notes Seán Connolly. Introd. Jennifer O'Reilly. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 1995. Print. Trans. Texts for Hists. 21.Google Scholar
Boyd, Beverly, ed. The Prioress's Tale. Pt. 20 of The Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1983. Print. Vol. 2 of A Variorum Edition of the Works of Geoffrey Chaucer.Google Scholar
Broughton, Laurel. “The Prioress's Prologue and Tale.” Sources and Analogues of The Canterbury Tales. Vol. 2. Ed. Robert M. Correale and Mary Hamel. London: Brewer, 2003. 583648. Print.Google Scholar
Brown, Carleton. A Study of the Miracle of Our Lady Told by Chaucer's Prioress. London: Chaucer Soc., 1910. Print.Google Scholar
Camille, Michael. Image on the Edge: The Margins of Medieval Art. London: Reaktion, 1992. Print.Google Scholar
Carlson, David R. Chaucer's Jobs. New York: Palgrave, 2004. Print.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Parson's Prologue and Tale. Chaucer, Riverside Chaucer 287327.Google Scholar
Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Prioress's Prologue and Tale. Chaucer, Riverside Chaucer 209–12.Google Scholar
Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Riverside Chaucer. Ed. Benson, Larry D. Boston: Houghton, 1987. Print.Google Scholar
Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Shipman's Tale. Chaucer, Riverside Chaucer 203–08.Google Scholar
Chew, H. M., and Kellaway, W., eds. London Assize of Nuisance, 1301–1431. London: London Record Soc., 1973. Print.Google Scholar
Childs, Wendy. “Anglo-Italian Contacts in the Fourteenth Century.” Chaucer and the Italian Trecento. Ed. Boitani, Piero. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1983. 6588. Print.Google Scholar
Cohen, Jeffrey J. Hybridity, Identity, and Monstrosity in Medieval Britain: Of Difficult Middles. New York: Palgrave, 2006. 139–74. Expansion of “The Flow of Blood in Medieval Norwich.” Speculum 79.1 (2004): 26–65. Print.Google Scholar
Cohen, Jeremy. Living Letters of the Law: Ideas of the Jew in Medieval Christianity. Berkeley: U of California P, 1999. Print.Google Scholar
Cohen, William A.Locating Filth.” Introduction. Filth: Dirt, Disgust, and Modern Life. Ed. Cohen, and Johnson, Ryan. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2005. vii–xxxvii. Print.Google Scholar
Crow, Martin Michael. Chaucer Life-Records. Austin: U of Texas P, 1966. Print.Google Scholar
Dahood, Roger. “The Punishment of the Jews, Hugh of Lincoln, and the Question of Satire in Chaucer's Prioress's Tale.” Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies 36 (2005): 465–91. Print.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deleuze, Gilles, and Guattari, Félix. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Trans. Brian Massumi. London: Athlone, 1988. Print.Google Scholar
Derbes, Anne, and Sandona, Mark. “Barren Metal and the Fruitful Womb: The Program of Giotto's Arena Chapel in Padua.” Art Bulletin 80.2 (1998): 274–91. Print.Google Scholar
Douglas, David C., and Greenaway, G. W., eds. English Historical Documents, 1042–1189. Vol. 2. London: Eyre, 1968. Print.Google Scholar
Draper, Peter. The Formation of English Gothic: Architecture and Identity. New Haven: Yale UP, 2006. Print.Google Scholar
Eberle, Patricia. “Commercial Language and Commercial Outlook in the General Prologue.Chaucer Review 18 (1983–84): 161–74. Print.Google Scholar
Elias, Norbert. The Civilizing Process: Sociogenetic and Psychogenetic Investigations. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994. Print.Google Scholar
“Foule.” Middle English Dictionary.Google Scholar
Fradenburg, Louise. “Criticism, Anti-Semitism, and the Prioress's Tale.Exemplaria 1.1 (1989): 69115. Print.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fulton, Helen. “Mercantile Ideology in Chaucer's Shipman's Tale.” Chaucer Review 36.4 (2002): 311–28. Print.Google Scholar
Gimpel, Jean. The Cathedral Builders. New York: Grove, 1961. Print.Google Scholar
Gower, John. Confessio Amantis. The English Works of John Gower. Ed. Macaulay, G. C. Vol. 2. London: Paul, 1901. Print. Early English Text Soc. Extra Ser. 81.Google Scholar
Hamel, Mary. “And Now for Something Completely Different: The Relationship between the ‘Prioress's Tale’ and the ‘Rime of Sir Thopas.‘Chaucer Review 14.3 (1980): 251–59. Print.Google Scholar
Hawkins, Sherman. “Chaucer's Prioress and the Sacrifice of Praise.” Journal of English and Germanic Philology 63.4 (1964): 599624. Print.Google Scholar
Hayes, Dawn Marie. Body and Sacred Place in Medieval Europe, 1100–1389. New York: Routledge, 2003. Print.Google Scholar
Helmholz, R. H.Usury and the Medieval English Church Courts.” Speculum 61.2 (1986): 364–80. Print.Google Scholar
Hill, Bennett. Rev. of Rievaulx Abbey: Community, Architecture, Memory, by Peter Fergusson and Stuart Harrison. Catholic Historical Review 87.1 (2001): 9294. Print.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holsinger, Bruce. “Pedagogy, Violence, and the Subject of Music: Chaucer's Prioress's Tale and the Ideologies of ‘Song.‘New Medieval Literatures 1 (1997): 157–92. Print.Google Scholar
Isidore of Seville. The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville. Trans. Stephen Barney et al. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006. Print.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Joseph. “Aaron of Lincoln.” Jewish Quarterly Review 10.4 (1898): 629–48. Print.Google Scholar
“Jeuerie.” Middle English Dictionary.Google Scholar
Kristeva, Julia. Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection. New York: Columbia UP, 1982. Print.Google Scholar
Kruger, Steven F.The Bodies of Jews in the Late Middle Ages.” The Idea of Medieval Literature: New Essays on Chaucer and Medieval Culture in Honor of Donald R. Howard. Ed. Dean, James M. and Zacher, Christian K. Newark: U of Delaware P, 1992. 301–23. Print.Google Scholar
Lampert, Lisa. Gender and Jewish Difference from Paul to Shakespeare. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 2004. Print.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langholm, Odd. Economics in the Medieval Schools: Wealth, Exchange, Value, Money and Usury according to the Paris Theological Tradition, 1200–1350. Leiden: Brill, 1992. Print.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space. Trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991. Print.Google Scholar
Le Goff, Jacques. Your Money or Your Life: Economy and Religion in the Middle Ages. New York: Zone, 1990. Print.Google Scholar
Leshock, David B.Religious Geography: Designating Jews and Muslims as Foreigners in Medieval England.” Meeting the Foreign in the Middle Ages. Ed. Classen, Albrecht. New York: Routledge, 2002. 202–25. Print.Google Scholar
Lipton, Sara. Images of Intolerance: The Representation of Jews and Judaism in the Bible Moralisée. Berkeley: U of California P, 1999. Print.Google Scholar
Luard, Henry Richards, ed. Annales Monastici. Vol. 1. London: Longman, 1864. Print. Rolls Ser. 36.Google Scholar
Maloney, Robert P.The Teaching of the Fathers on Usury: An Historical Study on the Development of Christian Thinking.” Virgiliae Christianiae 27 (1973): 241–65. Print.Google Scholar
Middle English Dictionary. U of Michigan Digital Lib. Production Service, 18 Dec. 2001. Web. 25 Jan. 2009.Google Scholar
Morrison, Susan Signe. Excrement in the Late Middle Ages: Sacred Filth and Chaucer's Fecopoetics. New York: Palgrave, 2008. Print.Google Scholar
Nelson, Benjamin. The Idea of Usury: From Tribal Brotherhood to Universal Otherhood. 2nd ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1969. Print.Google Scholar
The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. Ed. May, Herbert G. and Metzger, Bruce M. New York: Oxford UP, 1977. Print.Google Scholar
Noonan, John T. The Scholastic Analysis of Usury. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1957. Print.Google Scholar
Paris, Matthew. Chronica majora. Ed. Luard, Henry Richards. 7 vols. London: Longman, 1872–83. Print. Rolls Ser. 57.Google Scholar
Parker, R. H.Accounting in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.” Accounting, Auditing, and Accountability Journal 12.1 (1999): 92112. Print.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parkes, James. The Jew in the Medieval Community: A Study of His Political and Economic Situation. New York: Harmon, 1976. Print.Google Scholar
Patterson, Lee. Chaucer and the Subject of History. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1991. Print.Google Scholar
Patterson, Lee. “The Living Witnesses of Our Redemption: Martyrdom and Imitation in Chaucer's Prioress's Tale.” Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 31.3 (2001): 507–60. Print.Google Scholar
Pearsall, Derek. The Life of Geoffrey Chaucer: A Critical Biography. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992. Print.Google Scholar
Price, Merrall Llewelyn. “Sadism and Sentimentality: Absorbing Antisemitism in Chaucer's Prioress.” Chaucer Review 43.2 (2008): 197214. Print.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richardson, H. G. The English Jewry under Angevin Kings. London: Methuen, 1960. Print.Google Scholar
Robbins, Jill. Prodigal Son, Elder Brother: Interpretation and Alterity in Augustine, Petrarch, Kafka, Levinas. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1991. Print.Google Scholar
Rosenwein, Barbara. Negotiating Space: Power, Restraint, and Privileges of Immunity in Early Medieval Europe. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1999. Print.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, Cecil. A History of the Jews in England. Oxford: Clarendon, 1964. Print.Google Scholar
Rudolph, Conrad. The “Things of Greater Importance”: Bernard of Clairvaux's Apologia and the Medieval Attitude toward Art. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1990. Print.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shatzmiller, Joseph. Shylock Reconsidered: Jews, Money-lending, and Medieval Society. Berkeley: U of California P, 1989. Print.Google Scholar
Stacey, Robert C.The Conversion of Jews to Christianity in Thirteenth-Century England.” Speculum 67.2 (1992): 263–83. Print.Google Scholar
Stacey, Robert C.Jewish Lending and the Medieval English Economy.” A Commercialising Economy: England, 1086 to c. 1300. Ed. Britnell, R. H. and Campbell, B. M. S. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1995. 7888. Print.Google Scholar
Statutes of the Realm. Vol. 2. London: Dawsons, 1810. Print.Google Scholar
Stow, Kenneth. “Papal and Royal Attitudes toward Jewish Lending in the Thirteenth Century.” AJS Review 6 (1981): 161–84. Print.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strickland, Deborah. Saracens, Demons, and Jews: Making Monsters in Medieval Art. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2003. Print.Google Scholar
Thomas of Monmouth. The Life and Miracles of St. William of Norwich by Thomas of Monmouth. Ed. and trans. Jessop, A. and James, M. R. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1898. Print.Google Scholar
Thomas, Walsingham. Gesta abbatum monasterii sancti Albani. Ed. Riley, H. T. Vol. 1. London: Longman, 1867. Print. 3 vols. 1867–69.Google Scholar
“Wondren.” Middle English Dictionary.Google Scholar
Wordsworth, William. The Prioress's Tale. Translations of Chaucer and Virgil. Ed. Graver, Bruce E. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1998. 3544. Print.Google Scholar
John A., Yunck‘Lucre of Vileynye’: Chaucer's Prioress and the Canonists.” Notes and Queries 7.5 (1960): 165–67. Print.Google Scholar