Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T11:24:53.681Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Understanding the Impact of Electoral Systems on Women's Representation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 June 2016

Frank C. Thames*
Affiliation:
Texas Tech University

Extract

The study of electoral systems is a key area of research within political science. In part, the attention paid to electoral systems reflects their importance to democratic political systems. Electoral systems define “what constitutes” a vote, establish “a rule for how votes are totaled,” and create a mechanism for “translating vote share into seat allocations” for representative institutions (Bawn 1993, 966). These roles mean that electoral systems impact not only how interests are represented, but also how accountability is structured.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Women and Politics Research Section of the American Political Science Association 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Andersen, Kristi, and Thorson, Stuart. 1984. “Congressional Turnover and the Election of Women.” The Western Political Quarterly 37 (1): 143–56.Google Scholar
Andrews, Josephine, and Jackman, Robert. 2005. “Strategic Fools: Electoral Rule Choice under Extreme Uncertainty.” Electoral Studies 24 (1): 6584.Google Scholar
Bawn, Kathleen. 1993. “The Logic of Institutional Preferences: German Electoral Law as a Social Choice Outcome.” American Journal of Political Science 37 (4): 965–89.Google Scholar
Benoit, Kenneth. 2004. “Models of Electoral System Change.” Electoral Studies 23 (3): 363–89.Google Scholar
Benoit, Kenneth, and Hayden, Jacqueline. 2004. “Institutional Change and Persistence: The Evolution of Poland's Electoral System, 1989–2001.” Journal of Politics 66 (2): 396427.Google Scholar
Benoit, Kenneth, and Schiemann, John. 2001. “Institutional Choice in New Democracies: Bargaining over Hungary's 1989 Electoral Law.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 13 (2): 159–88.Google Scholar
Boix, Carles. 1999. “Setting the Rules of the Game: The Choice of Electoral Systems in Advanced Democracies.” American Political Science Review 93 (3): 609–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boric, Besima. 2005. “Application of Quotas: Legal Reforms and Implementation in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” In The Implementation of Quotas: European Experiences. Stockholm: IDEA.Google Scholar
Bormann, Nils-Christian, and Golder, Matt. 2013. “Democratic Electoral Systems around the World.” Electoral Studies 32 (2): 360–69.Google Scholar
Brady, David, and Mo, Jongryn. 1992. “Electoral Systems and Institutional Choice: A Case Study of the 1988 Korean Elections.” Comparative Political Studies 24 (4): 405–29.Google Scholar
Calvo, Ernesto, and Micozzi, Juan Pablo. 2005. “The Governor's Backyard: A Seat-Vote Model of Electoral Reform for Subnational Multiparty Races.” Journal of Politics 67 (4): 1050–74.Google Scholar
Carey, John, and Shugart, Matthew. 1995. “Incentives to Cultivate a Personal Vote: A Rank Ordering of Electoral Formulas.” Electoral Studies 14 (4): 417–39.Google Scholar
Caul, Miki. 1999. “Women's Representation in Parliament.” Party Politics 5 (1): 7998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caul, Miki. 2001. “Political Parties and the Adoption of Candidate Gender Quotas: A Cross-National Analysis.” Journal of Politics 63 (4): 1214–29.Google Scholar
Caul Kittilson, Miki. 2006. Challenging Parties, Changing Parliaments: Women and Elected Office in Contemporary Western Europe. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.Google Scholar
Caul Kittelson, Miki, and Bayer, Leslie Schwindt. 2012. The Gendered Effects of Political Institutions: Political Engagement and Participation. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Celis, Karen, Krook, Mona Lena, and Meier, Petra. 2011. “The Rise of Gender Quota Laws: Expanding the Spectrum of Determinants for Electoral Reform.” West European Politics 34 (3): 514–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheibub, Jose Antonio, Gandhi, Jennifer, and Vreeland, James Raymond. 2009. “Democracy and Dictatorship Revisited.” Public Choice 143 (1–2): 67101.Google Scholar
Cheng, Christine, and Tavits, Margit. 2009. “Informal Influences in Selecting Female Political Candidates.” Political Research Quarterly 64 (2): 460–71.Google Scholar
Christensen, Ray. 1998. “The Effect of Electoral Reforms on Campaign Practices in Japan: Putting New Wine into Old Bottles.” Asian Survey 38 (10): 9861004.Google Scholar
Crisp, Brian, and Ingall, Rachael. 2002. “Institutional Engineering and the Nature of Representation: Mapping the Effects of Electoral Reform in Colombia.” American Journal of Political Science 46 (4): 733–48.Google Scholar
Darcy, Robert, and Choike, James R.. 1986. “A Formal Analysis of Legislative Turnover: Women Candidates and Legislative Representation.” American Journal of Political Science 30 (1): 237–55.Google Scholar
Darcy, Robert, Welch, Susan, and Clark, Janet. 1994. Women, Elections, and Representation. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
De Boef, Suzanna, and Keele, Luke. 2008. “Taking Time Seriously.” American Journal of Political Science 52 (1): 184200.Google Scholar
Di Virgilio, Aldo, and Reed, Steven R.. 2011. “Nominating Candidates under New Rules in Italy and Japan: You Cannot Bargain with Resources You Do Not Have.” In A Natural Experiment on Electoral Law Reform: Evaluating the Long Run Consequences of 1990s Electoral Reform in Italy and Japan, ed. Giannetti, Daniela and Grofman, Bernard. New York: Springer, 6175.Google Scholar
Donovan, Mark. 1995. “The Politics of Electoral Reform in Italy.” International Political Science Review/Revue internationale de science pol 16 (1): 4764.Google Scholar
Dunleavy, Patrick, and Margetts, Helen. 1995. “Understanding the Dynamics of Electoral Reform.” International Political Science Review 16 (1): 929.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freidnevall, Lenita. “Women's Political Representation and Gender Quotas—the Swedish Case.” The Research Program on Gender Quotas—a Key to Equality? Stockholm University Working Paper Series 2003:2.Google Scholar
Golder, Matt. 2005. “Democratic Electoral Systems around the World, 1946–2000.” Electoral Studies 24 (1): 103–21.Google Scholar
Goodhart, Lucy, and Xenias, Anastasia. 2012. “Guns and Money in the Open Economy: The Exchange Rate and the Demand for Arms Imports.” International Studies Quarterly 56 (4): 786–92.Google Scholar
Górecki, Maciej A., and Kukołowicz, Paula. 2014. “Gender Quotas, Candidate Background and the Election of Women: A Paradox of Gender Quotas in Open-list Proportional Representation Systems.” Electoral Studies 36: 6580.Google Scholar
Hinojosa, Magda, and Franceschet, Susan. 2012. “Separate but Not Equal: The Effects of Municipal Electoral Reform on Female Representation in Chile.” Political Research Quarterly 65 (4): 758–70.Google Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald, and Norris, Pippa. 2003. Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Inter-Parliamentary Union. 2012. Women in National Parliaments Statistical Archive. http://www.ipu.org.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Kiristof, and Leyenaar, Monique. 2011. “A Conceptual Framework for Major, Minor, and Technical Electoral Reform.” West European Politics 34 (3): 495513.Google Scholar
Johnson, Joel, and Wallack, Jessica. 2008. Electoral Systems and the Personal Vote. https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=hdl:1902.1/17901 Google Scholar
Jones, Mark P. 2009. “Gender Quotas, Electoral Laws, and the Election of Women.” Comparative Political Studies 42 (1): 5681.Google Scholar
Jou, Willy. 2009. “Electoral Reform and Party System Development in Japan and Taiwan: A Comparative Study.” Asian Survey 49 (5): 759–85.Google Scholar
Kenworthy, Lane, and Malami, Melissa. 1999. “Inequality in Political Representation: A Worldwide Comparative Analysis.” Social Forces 78 (1): 235–68.Google Scholar
King, James. 2002. “Single-Member Districts and the Representation of Women in American State Legislatures: The Effects of Electoral System Change.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 2 (2): 161–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kjaer, Ulrik, and Elklit, Jergen. 2014. “The Impact of Assembly Size on Representativeness.” Journal of Legislative Studies 20 (2): 156–73.Google Scholar
Krook, Mona Lena. 2007. “Candidate Gender Quotas: A Framework for Analysis.” European Journal of Political Research 46 (3): 367–94.Google Scholar
Krook, Mona Lena. 2009. Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender and Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunovich, Sheri. 2003. “The Representation of Polish and Czech Women in National Politics: Predicting Electoral List Position.” Comparative Politics 35 (3): 273–91.Google Scholar
Kunovich, Sheri. 2012. “Unexpected Winners: The Significance of an Open-List System on Women's Representation in Poland.” Politics & Gender 8 (2): 153–77.Google Scholar
Lakeman, Enid. 1976. “Electoral Systems and Women in Parliament.” Parliamentarian 57: 159–62.Google Scholar
Lehoucq, Fabrice Edouard. 2000. “Institutionalizing Democracy: Constraint and Ambition in the Politics of Electoral Reform.” Comparative Politics 32 (4): 459–77.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1994. Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945–1990. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Matland, Richard. 1993. “Institutional Variables Affecting Female Representation in National Legislatures: The Case of Norway.” Journal of Politics 55 (3): 737–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matland, Richard. 1998. “Women's Representation in National Legislatures: Developed and Developing Countries.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 23 (1): 109–25.Google Scholar
Matland, Richard, and Brown, Deborah Dwight. 1992. “District Magnitude's Effect on Female Representation in U. S. State Legislatures.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 17 (4): 469–92.Google Scholar
Matland, Richard, and Studlar, Donley. 1996. “The Contagion of Women Candidates in Single-Member Districts and Proportional Representation: Canada and Norway.” Journal of Politics 58 (3): 707–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, Gwen, and Shackman, Gene. 1996. “Gender and Authority: A Cross-National Study.” Social Science Quarterly 77 (2): 273–88.Google Scholar
Murray, Rainbow, Krook, Mona Lena, and Opello, Katherine A. R.. 2012. “Why are Gender Quotas Adopted? Party Pragmatism and Parity in France.” Political Research Quarterly 65 (3): 529–43.Google Scholar
Niven, David. 1998. “Party Elites and Women Candidates.” Women & Politics 19 (2): 5780.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa. 1985. “Women's Legislative Participation in Western Europe.” West European Politics 8 (4): 90101.Google Scholar
Paxton, Pamela, and Hughes, Melanie. 2007. Women, Politics, and Power: A Global Perspective. Los Angeles: Pine Forge Press.Google Scholar
Paxton, Pamela, and Kunovich, Sherri. 2003. “Women's Political Representation: The Importance of Ideology.” Social Forces 82 (1): 87114.Google Scholar
Paxton, Pamela, Green, Jennifer, and Hughes, Melanie. 2008. “Women in Parliament, 1945–2003: Cross-National Dataset.” The Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/24340 (accessed May 30, 2016).Google Scholar
Pemstein, Daniel, Meserve, Stephen, and Melton, James. 2010. “Democratic Compromise: A Latent Variable Analysis of Ten Measures of Regime Type.” Political Analysis 18 (4): 426–49.Google Scholar
Persyn, Damiaan, and Westerlund, Joakim. 2008. “Error-Correction-Based Cointegration Tests for Panel Data.” Stata Journal 8 (2): 232–41.Google Scholar
Rahat, Gideon. 2004. “The Study of the Politics of Electoral Reform in the 1990s: Theoretical and Methodological Lessons.” Comparative Politics 36(4): 461479.Google Scholar
Rahat, Gideon. 2008. The Politics of Regime Structural Reform in Democracy. Albany: State University of New York.Google Scholar
Rahat, Gideon, and Hazan, Reuven. 2011. “The Barriers to Electoral System Reform: A Synthesis of Alternative Approaches.” West European Politics 34 (3): 478–94.Google Scholar
Remington, Thomas, and Smith, Steven. 1996. “Political Goals, Institutional Context, and the Choice of an Electoral System: The Russian Parliamentary Electoral Law.” American Journal of Political Science 40 (4): 545–72.Google Scholar
Renwick, Alan. 2010. The Politics of Electoral Reform: Changing the Rules of Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Reynolds, Andrew. 1999. “Women in the Legislatures and Executives in the World: Knocking at the Highest Glass Ceiling.” World Politics 51 (4): 547–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Andrew, Seawright, Jason, and Cyr, Jennifer. 2013. “Do Electoral Laws Affect Women's Representation?Comparative Political Studies 46 (12): 1555–81.Google Scholar
Rosen, Jennifer. 2012. “The Effects of Political Institutions on Women's Political Representation: A Comparative Analysis of 168 Countries from 1992 to 2010.” Political Research Quarterly 66 (2): 306321.Google Scholar
Rosenbluth, Frances, Salmond, Rob, and Thies, Michael. 2006. “Welfare Works: Explaining Female Legislative Representation.” Politics and Gender 2 (2): 165–92.Google Scholar
Rule, Wilma. 1981. “Why Women Don't Run: The Critical Contextual Factors in Women's Legislative Recruitment.” Western Political Quarterly 34 (1): 6067.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rule, Wilma. 1987. “Electoral Systems, Contextual Factors, and Women's Opportunity for Election to Parliament in Twenty-Three Democracies.” Western Political Quarterly 40 (3): 477–98.Google Scholar
Rule, Wilma. 1990. “Why More Women Are State Legislators. A Research Note.” The Western Political Quarterly 43 (2): 437–48.Google Scholar
Rule, Wilma. 1994. “Women's Underrepresentation and Electoral Systems.” PS: Political Science and Politics 27 (4): 689–92.Google Scholar
Salmond, Rob. 2006. “Proportional Representation and Female Parliamentarians.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 31 (2): 175204.Google Scholar
Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie, and Mishler, William. 2005. “An Integrated Model of Women's Representation.” Journal of Politics 67 (2): 407–28.Google Scholar
Shvetsova, Olga. 2003. “Endogenous Selection of Institutions and their Exogenous Effects.” Constitutional Political Economy 14 (3): 191212.Google Scholar
StataCorp. 2013. Stata Statistical Software: Release 13.1. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.Google Scholar
Studlar, Donley, and McAllister, Ian. 1991. “Political Recruitment to the Australian Legislature: Toward an Explanation of Women's Electoral Disadvantages.” Western Political Quarterly 44 (2): 467–85.Google Scholar
Studlar, Donley, and Welch, Susan. 1991. “Does District Magnitude Matter? Women Candidates in London Local Elections.” Western Political Quarterly 44 (2): 457–66.Google Scholar
Thames, Frank, and Williams, Margaret. 2010. “Incentives for Personal Votes and Women's Representation in Legislatures.” Comparative Political Studies 43 (12): 15751600.Google Scholar
Thames, Frank, and Williams, Margaret. 2013. Contagious Representation: Women's Political Representation in Democracies around the World. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Tolbert, Caroline, Smith, Daniel, and Green, John. 2009. “Strategic Voting and Legislative Redistricting Reform: District and Statewide Representational Winners and Losers.” Political Research Quarterly 62 (1): 92109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tremblay, Manon, and Pelletier, Rejean. 2001. “More Women Constituency Party Presidents: A Strategy for Increasing the Number of Women Candidates in Canada?Party Politics 7 (2): 157190.Google Scholar
Tripp, Aili Mari, and Kang, Alice. 2008. “The Global Impact of Quotas: On the Fast Track to Increased Female Legislative Representation.” Comparative Political Studies 41 (3): 338–61.Google Scholar
Tripp, Aili Mari, Konaté, Dior, and Lowe-Morna, Colleen. 2006. “Sub-Saharan Africa: On the Fast Track to Women's Representation.” In Women, Quotas, and Politics, ed. Dahlerup, Drude. New York,: Routledge.Google Scholar
Vengroff, Richard, Nyiria, Zsolt, and Fugiero, Melissa. 2003. “Electoral System and Gender Representation in Sub-National Legislatures: Is There a National—Sub-National Gender Gap?Political Research Quarterly 2 (2): 163–73.Google Scholar
Welch, Susan, and Studlar, Donley. 1990. “Multi-Member Districts and the Representation of Women: Evidence from Britain and the United States.” Journal of Politics 52 (2): 391412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welch, Susan, and Studlar, Donley. “The Opportunity Structure for Women's Candidacies and Electability in Britain and the United States.” Political Research Quarterly 49 (4): 861–74.Google Scholar
Westerlund, Joakin. 2007. “Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 69 (6): 709–48.Google Scholar
Wolbrecht, Christina, and Campbell, David E.. 2007. “Leading by Example: Female Members of Parliament as Political Role Models.” American Journal of Political Science 51 (4): 921–39.Google Scholar
Yoon, Mi Yung. 2004. “Explaining Women's Legislative Representation in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 29 (3): 447–68.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, Joseph, and Rule, Wilma. 1998. “A More Representative United States House of Representatives?PS: Political Science and Politics 31 (1): 510.Google Scholar