Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T11:33:36.720Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Women's Substantive Representation in Decline: The Case of Democratic Failure in Hungary

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 July 2019

Gabriella Ilonszki
Affiliation:
Corvinus University of Budapest
Adrienn Vajda
Affiliation:
Corvinus University of Budapest

Abstract

The substantive representation of women has attracted limited attention in cases in which women are present in politics in small numbers over an extended period of time. This article aims to fill this gap by focusing on two policy episodes in a postcommunist state where female descriptive representation has remained low and static and the regime's democratic backlash can also be observed. The two analytical questions refer to the agency and regime aspects of women's substantive representation under unfavorable conditions. Who is representing women under these conditions, and where and how is their representation taking place? How do the regime's characteristics explain the evolving representation patterns? The article will first argue that the same descriptive representation levels can imply different substantive representation patterns in terms of both actors and space. Second, by reconnecting descriptive representation and substantive representation, the article demonstrates that the decline of a regime's democratic credentials is detrimental to female substantive representation.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Women and Politics Research Section of the American Political Science Association 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

This research was financed by the Hungarian National Research and Development Fund (NFKI/NRDI, K-128833).

References

REFERENCES

Angelusz, Róbert, and Tardos, Róbert. 2011. “Régi és új törésvonalak, polarizáció, divergenciaspirál” [Old and new cleavage lines, polarization, spiral of divergence]. In Részvétel, képviselet, politikai változás [Participation, representation, political change], eds. Tardos, Róbert, Enyedi, Zsolt, and Szabó, Andrea. Budapest: DKMK, 347–82.Google Scholar
Bajomi-Lázár, Péter. 2013. “The Party Colonisation of the Media: The Case of Hungary.” East European Politics and Societies and Cultures 27 (1): 6989.Google Scholar
Beckwith, Karen, and Cowell-Meyers, Kimberly. 2007. “Sheer Numbers: Critical Representation Thresholds and Women's Political Representation.” Perspectives on Politics 5 (3): 553–65.Google Scholar
Celis, Karen. 2006. “Substantive Representation of Women: The Representation of Women's Interests and the Impact of Descriptive Representation in the Belgian Parliament (1900–1979).” Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 28 (2): 85114.Google Scholar
Celis, Karen, and Childs, Sarah. 2012. “The Substantive Representation of Women: What to Do with Conservative Claims?Political Studies 60 (1): 213–25.Google Scholar
Celis, Karen, Childs, Sarah, Kantola, Johanna, and Krook, Mona Lee. 2008. “Rethinking Women's Substantive Representation.” Representation 44 (2): 113–24.Google Scholar
Celis, Karen, Childs, Sarah, Kantola, Johanna, and Krook, Mona Lee. 2014. “Constituting Women's Interests through Representative Claims.” Politics & Gender 10 (2): 149–74.Google Scholar
Celis, Karen, and Erzeel, Sylvia. 2015. “Beyond the Usual Suspects: Non-Left, Male and Non-Feminist MPs and the Substantive Representation of Women.” Government and Opposition 50 (1): 4564.Google Scholar
Childs, Sarah, and Krook, Mona Lena. 2006. “Should Feminists Give Up on Critical Mass? A Contingent Yes.” Politics & Gender 2 (4): 522–30.Google Scholar
Childs, Sarah, and Krook, Mona Lena. 2009. “Analysing Women's Substantive Representation: From Critical Mass to Critical Actors.” Government and Opposition 44 (2): 125–45.Google Scholar
Childs, Sarah, and Lovenduski, Joni. 2013. “Political Representation.” In The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Politics, eds. Waylan, Georgina, Celis, Karen, Kantola, Johanna, and Weldon, S. Laurel. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 489513.Google Scholar
Chiva, Cristina. 2018. Gender, Institutions and Political Representation: Reproducing Male Dominance in Europe's New Democracies. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dahlerup, Drude. 1988. “From a Small to a Large Minority: Women in Scandinavian Politics.” Scandinavian Political Studies 11 (4): 275–98.Google Scholar
Dahlerup, Drude. 2006. “The Story of the Theory of Critical Mass.” Politics & Gender 2 (4): 511–22.Google Scholar
Erzeel, Silvia, and Celis, Karen. 2016. “Political Parties, Ideology and the Substantive Representation of Women.” Party Politics 22 (5): 576–86.Google Scholar
Fábián, Katalin. 2009. Contemporary Women's Movement in Hungary: Globalization, Democracy and Gender Equality. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.Google Scholar
Foa, Roberto Stefan, and Ekiert, Grzegorz. 2017. “The Weakness of Postcommunist Civil Society Reassessed.” European Journal of Political Research 56 (2): 419–39.Google Scholar
Gábos, András. 2000. “Elemzések a gazdasági és társadalompolitikai döntések előkészítéséhez 11” [Analysis for the preparation of economic and social policy decisions 11]. Budapest: TÁRKI [Social Research Institute]. http://old.tarki.hu/adatbank-h/kutjel/pdf/a018.pdf (accessed February 13, 2019).Google Scholar
Gal, Susan. 1994. “Gender in the Post-socialist Transition: The Abortion Debate in Hungary.” East European Politics and Societies 8 (2): 256–86.Google Scholar
Ilonszki, Gabriella. 2008. “The Impact of Early Party Consolidation on Female Representation and the Mixed Electoral System in Hungary.” In Women and Legislative Representation: Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Sex Quotas, ed. Tremblay, Manon. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 205–18.Google Scholar
Kelemen, B. Ida. 2008. “Női képviselők—Női képviselet?” [Women representatives—Representation of women?]. PhD diss., Corvinus University of Budapest.Google Scholar
Körösényi, András. 2013. “Political Polarization and Its Consequences on Democratic Accountability.” Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 4 (2): 330.Google Scholar
Krook, Mona Lena. 2010. “Women's Representation in Parliament: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis.” Political Studies 58 (5): 886908.Google Scholar
Lengyel, György, and Ilonszki, Gabriella. 2012. “Simulated Democracy and Pseudo-Transformational Leadership in Hungary.” Historical Social Research 37 (1): 107–26.Google Scholar
Lombardo, Emanuela, and Meier, Petra. 2016. The Symbolic Representation of Gender: A Discursive Approach. Farnham: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Lovenduski, Joni. 2001. “Women and Politics: Minority Representation or Critical Mass?Parliamentary Affairs 54 (4): 743–58.Google Scholar
Lovenduski, Joni, and Guadagnini, Marilla. 2010. “Political Representation.” In The Politics of State Feminism, eds. McBride, Dorothy and Mazur, Amy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 164–92.Google Scholar
Lovenduski, Joni, and Norris, Pippa. 2003. “Westminster Women: the Politics of Presence.” Political Studies 51 (1): 84102.Google Scholar
Mackay, Fiona. 2008. “‘Thick’ Conceptions of Substantive Representation: Women, Gender and Political Institutions.” Representation 44 (2): 125–39.Google Scholar
Magyar, Monika. 2010. “The Expanded Story of the Hungarian Quota Proposals of 2007: Actors, Relations, Perceptions and Motivations.” Master's thesis, Central European University.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Kathleen, and Ilonszki, Gabriella. 2003. “Weak Mobilization, Hidden Majoritarianism, and Resurgence of the Right: A Recipe for Female Under-Representation in Hungary.” In Women's Access to Political Power in Post-communist Europe, eds. Matland, Richard E., and Montgomery, Kathleen A.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 105–29.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Kathleen, and Ilonszki, Gabriella. 2016. “Stuck in the Basement: A Pathway Case Analysis of Female Recruitment in Hungary's 2010 National Assembly Election.” Politics & Gender 12 (4): 700726.Google Scholar
Nagy, Renáta, and Sebestény, István. 2008. “Methodological Practice and Practical Methodology: Fifteen Years in Nonprofit Statistics.” Hungarian Statistical Review Special Issue 12: 112–38.Google Scholar
Phillips, Anne. 1995. The Politics of Presence. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel. 1967. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Saward, Michael. 2006. “The Representative Claim.” Contemporary Political Theory, no. 5: 297318.Google Scholar
Saward, Michael. 2010. The Representative Claim. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A., and Mishler, William. 2005. “An Integrated Model of Women's Representation.” Journal of Politics 67 (2): 407–28.Google Scholar
Swers, Michele L. 2002. The Difference Women Make: the Policy Impact of Women in Congress. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Szalai, Laura. 2017. “A parlamenti szexizmus mint ellenségképzés a politikában” [Sexism in parliament as creating political enemies]. TNTF 7 (1): 107–25.Google Scholar
Tátrai, Annamária. 2010. “Női esélyegyenlőség a felnőtt lakosság szemével” [Women's equality according to the adult population]. Budapest: TÁRKI [Social Research Institute]. http://www.noha.kinos.hu/html/011/011016.pdf (accessed February 13, 2019).Google Scholar
Tomini, Luca, and Wagemann, Claudius. 2017. “Varieties of Contemporary Democratic Breakdown and Regression: A Comparative Analysis.” European Journal of Political Research 57 (3): 687716.Google Scholar
Uitz, Renáta. 2015. “Can You Tell When an Illiberal Democracy Is in the Making? An Appeal to Comparative Constitutional Scholarship from Hungary.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 13 (1): 279300.Google Scholar
van der Vleuten, Anna. 2005. “Pincers and Prestige: Explaining the Implementation of EU Gender Equality Legislation.” Comparative European Politics 3 (4): 464–88.Google Scholar
Várnagy, Réka. 2013. “Women's Representation in the Hungarian Parliament.” Commissioned by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. https://www.osce.org/odihr/117575?download=true (accessed February 5, 2019).Google Scholar
Young, Iris Marion. 2000. Inclusion and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar