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An investigation into the temperature phase transitions of synthesized materials with Al- and Mg-doped lithium manganese oxide spinels by in situ powder X-ray diffraction

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2016

C. D. Snyders ,
E. E. Ferg  and
D. Billing
C. D. Snyders*
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
E. E. Ferg
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
D. Billing
Affiliation:
School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
*
a)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail: Charmelle.Snyders@nmmu.ac.za
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Abstract

Three spinel materials were prepared and characterized by in situ powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) techniques to track their phase changes that occurred in the typical batch synthesis process from a sol–gel mixture to the final crystalline spinel oxide. The materials were also characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis, whereby the materials decomposition mechanisms that were observed as the precursor, was gradually heated to the final oxide. The results showed that all the materials achieved their total weight loss at about 400 °C. The in situ PXRD analysis showed the progression of the phase transitions where certain of the materials changed from a crystalline precursor to an amorphous intermediate phase and finally to the spinel cathode oxide (Li1.03Mg0.2Mn1.77O4). For other materials, the precursor would start as an amorphous phase and upon heating, convert into an impure intermediate phase (Mn2O3) before forming the final spinel oxide (Li1.03Mn1.97O4). On the other hand, the LiAl0.4Mn1.6O4 would start with an amorphous precursor, with no intermediate phases and immediately formed the final spinel oxide phase. The in situ PXRD study also showed the increases in the materials respective lattice parameters of the crystalline unit cells upon heating and the significant increases in their crystallite sizes when heated above 600 °C.

Keywords

in-situ powder X-ray diffractionAl- and Mg-doped LiMn2O4lattice parameteramorphous and crystalline precursorsintermediate Mn2O3
Type
Technical Articles
Information
Powder Diffraction , Volume 32 , Issue 1 , March 2017 , pp. 23 - 30
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Copyright
Copyright © International Centre for Diffraction Data 2016 

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