Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-11T08:24:08.417Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Research and Evaluations of the Health Aspects of Disasters, Part IX: Risk-Reduction Framework

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 April 2016

Marvin L. Birnbaum ,
Elaine K. Daily ,
Ann P. O’Rourke  and
Alessandro Loretti
Marvin L. Birnbaum*
Affiliation:
Emeritus Professor of Medicine and Physiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin USA; Emeritus Editor-in-Chief, Prehospital and Disaster Medicine
Elaine K. Daily
Affiliation:
Nursing Section Editor, Prehospital and Disaster Medicine; Secretary, World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin USA
Ann P. O’Rourke
Affiliation:
Associate Professor, Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin USA
Alessandro Loretti
Affiliation:
Consultant; Retired from the World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
*
Correspondence: Marvin L. Birnbaum, MD, PhD 610 N. Whitney Way, Suite 407 Madison, Wisconsin 53705 USA E-mail: mbirnbaum@wadem.org
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A disaster is a failure of resilience to an event. Mitigating the risks that a hazard will progress into a destructive event, or increasing the resilience of a society-at-risk, requires careful analysis, planning, and execution. The Disaster Logic Model (DLM) is used to define the value (effects, costs, and outcome(s)), impacts, and benefits of interventions directed at risk reduction. A Risk-Reduction Framework, based on the DLM, details the processes involved in hazard mitigation and/or capacity-building interventions to augment the resilience of a community or to decrease the risk that a secondary event will develop. This Framework provides the structure to systematically undertake and evaluate risk-reduction interventions. It applies to all interventions aimed at hazard mitigation and/or increasing the absorbing, buffering, or response capacities of a community-at-risk for a primary or secondary event that could result in a disaster. The Framework utilizes the structure provided by the DLM and consists of 14 steps: (1) hazards and risks identification; (2) historical perspectives and predictions; (3) selection of hazard(s) to address; (4) selection of appropriate indicators; (5) identification of current resilience standards and benchmarks; (6) assessment of the current resilience status; (7) identification of resilience needs; (8) strategic planning; (9) selection of an appropriate intervention; (10) operational planning; (11) implementation; (12) assessments of outputs; (13) synthesis; and (14) feedback. Each of these steps is a transformation process that is described in detail. Emphasis is placed on the role of Coordination and Control during planning, implementation of risk-reduction/capacity building interventions, and evaluation.

Birnbaum ML, Daily EK, O’Rourke AP, Loretti A. Research and Evaluations of the Health Aspects of Disasters, Part IX: Risk-Reduction Framework. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(3):309–325.

Keywords

capacity buildingdisaster logic modelevaluationframeworkinterventionprocessresiliencerisk-reduction
Type
Special Reports
Information
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine , Volume 31 , Issue 3 , June 2016 , pp. 309 - 325
Copyright
© World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

a

Task Force for Quality Control of Disaster Medicine, World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Nordic Society for Disaster Medicine. Health Disaster Management Guidelines for Evaluation and Research in the Utstein Style. Sundnes KO, Birnbaum ML (eds). Prehosp Disaster Med. 2003;17(Supplement 3).

References

1. Birnbaum, ML, Loretti, A, Daily, EK. Research and evaluations of the health aspects of disasters, part VIII: risk, risk reduction, risk management, and capacity building. Prehosp Disaster Med. In Press.Google Scholar
2. Birnbaum, ML, O’Rourke, AP, Daily, EK. Research and evaluations of the health aspects of disasters, part II: the Conceptual Framework revisited. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(5):523-538.Google Scholar
3. Task Force for Quality Control of Disaster Medicine, World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Nordic Society for Disaster Medicine. Health Disaster Management Guidelines for Evaluation and Research in the Utstein Style. Sundnes KO, Birnbaum ML (eds). Prehosp Disaster Med. 2003;17(Supplement 3).Google Scholar
4. World Health Organization. Emergency preparedness for the health sector and communities—challenges and the way forward. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2007;22(6):s88-s97.Google Scholar
5. United Nations-International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR). Terminology. Preparedness. http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology#letter-p. Accessed January 12, 2013.Google Scholar
6. Kellett, J, Sweeney, H. Emergency-Preparedness-Study-Final-Synthesis-Report-Development-Initiatives-for-FAO-on-behalf-of-the-IASC. Synthesis Report: Analysis of Financing Mechanisms and Funding Streams to Enhance Emergency Preparedness. October 2011. http://www.devinit.org/wp-content/uploads/.pdf. Accessed January 10, 2013.Google Scholar
7. Global Health Cluster. Newsletter, January 2013. http://www.who.int/hac/ global_health_cluster/newsletter/global_health_cluster_newsletter_jan2013.pdf. Accessed January 31, 2014.Google Scholar
8. Google Dictionary. Definition of “state.” https://www.google.com/#q=state+definition. Accessed December 21, 2013.Google Scholar
9. Google Dictionary. Definition of “status.” https://www.google.com/#q=status+definition. Accessed December 21, 2013.Google Scholar
10. Pickett, JP (ed). Definition of “readiness.” The American Heritage College Dictionary. 4th ed. Boston, New York USA: Houghton Mifflin Company; 2002: 1159.Google Scholar
11. United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN-ISDR). Terminology. Resilience. http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology#letter-r. Accessed January 12, 2013.Google Scholar
12. Birnbaum, ML, O’Rourke, AP, Daily, EK. Research and evaluations of the health aspects of disasters, part VI: interventional research and the Disaster Logic Model. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(2):181-194.Google Scholar
13. Birnbaum, ML, O’Rourke, AP, Daily, EK, Loretti, A. Research and evaluations of the health aspects of disasters, part VII: The Relief/Recovery Framework. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(2):195-210.Google Scholar
14. The International Organization for Standardization. Risk Management – Principles and Guidelines. ISO31000:2009 (E)15. November 2009, Section 2.19. http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso31000.htm. Accessed December 13, 2012.Google Scholar
15. Arnold, JL, Levine, BN, Manmatha, R, et al. Information-sharing in out-of-hospital disaster response: the future role of information technology. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2004;19(2):201-207.Google Scholar
16. Meng, L, Vipulandanda, C. Predicting Annual and 10-year Hurricane Frequencies in Florida and Texas. CIGMAT 2010 Conference and Exhibition. http://cigmat.cive.uh.edu/ CIGMAT%20Conference/CIGMAT_10/POSTER%2010/18%20Meng.pdf. Accessed July 13, 2011.Google Scholar
17. Kurczy, S. Turkey Earthquake kills 51; Scientists say earthquakes are not more frequent. The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/GlobalNews/ 2010/0308/Turkey-earthquake-kills-51-scientists-say-earthquake-frequency-not-rising. Published March 8, 2010. Accessed July 13, 2011.Google Scholar
18. Emergency and Humanitarian Action, World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Tsunami 2004: A Comprehensive Analysis. Au: Birnbaum ML, Kohl PA, Ofrin R, Daily EK. New Delhi, India: SEARO; 2013.Google Scholar
19. de Ville de Goyet, C. Stop propagating disaster myths. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1999;14(1):9-10.Google Scholar
20. Alexander, DE. Misconception as a barrier to teaching about disasters. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2007;22(2):95-103.Google Scholar
21. The Sphere Project. Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response. Oxford, UK: Oxfam Publishing; 2000, 2004, 2011.Google Scholar
22. Zagaria, N. Application of the Global Health Cluster HeRAMS Tool in South Sudan, Darfur, and North Kivu. Presentation at the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Inter-Agency Working Group on Reproductive Health in Crisis. Health Action in Crisis: WHO: Santo Domingo, 2010.Google Scholar
23. Global Health Cluster. Health Cluster Guide. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization: 2009.Google Scholar
24. Tool Kitsport Development. Introduction Indicators. http://www.toolkitsportdevelopment.org/html/topic_03DF8A69-0DAC-47D5-8A14-1E1833901BFE_BBA5D8DC-5C40-4F9C-A6A4-0268098134D7_1.htm. Accessed June 10, 2011.Google Scholar
25. Thompson, D (ed). Definition of “standard.” The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. 9th ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1995: 1357.Google Scholar
26. Pickett, JP (ed). Definition of “standard.” The American Heritage College Dictionary. 4th ed. Boston, New York USA: Houghton Mifflin Company; 2002: 1347.Google Scholar
27. Thompson, D (ed). Definition of “benchmark.” The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. 9th ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1995: 119.Google Scholar
28. Thompson, D (ed). Definition of “milestone.” The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. 9th ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1995: 862.Google Scholar
29. Regional Office for South East Asia, World Health Organization. Regional meeting on health aspects of disaster preparedness and response. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2006;21(5):s62-s78.Google Scholar
30. Kohl, PA, O’Rourke, AP, Schmidman, DL, Dopkin, WA, Birnbaum, ML. The Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake and Tsunami of 2004: the hazards, events, and damage. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2005;20(6):356-363.Google Scholar
31. Pretto, EA, Angus, DC, Abrams, JI, et al. An analysis of prehospital mortality in an earthquake. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1994;9(2):107-124.Google Scholar
32. Safar, P. Resuscitation potentials in mass disasters. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1986;2(1):34-47.Google Scholar
33. Pretto, EA, Ricci, E, Klain, M, et al. Disaster reanimatology potentials: a structured interview study in Armenia. III. Results, conclusions, and recommendations. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1992;7(3):327-337.Google Scholar
34. Foumelis, M, Parcharidis, IS, Lagios, E, Voulgaris, N. Evolution of Post-Seismic Ground Deformation of the Athens 1999 Earthquake Observed by SAR Interferometry. http://www.remsenslab.geol.uoa.gr/papers/Foumelis_etal_2009.pdf. Accessed July 13, 2011.Google Scholar
35. US Geological Survey. National Earthquake Information Center World Data Center for Seismology, Denver, Colorado USA. Magnitude 6.8 WASHINGTON, 2001 February 28 18:54:32 UTC. Preliminary Earthquake Report. http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2001/eq_010228/. Accessed July 13, 2011.Google Scholar
36. Pan-American Health Organization. Safe Hospitals. http://www.paho.org/english/dd/ped/SafeHospitals.htm. Accessed July 14, 2011.Google Scholar
37. Pan-American Health Organization. What is the Hospital Safety Index? http://www.paho.org/english/dd/ped/SafeHospitalsChecklist.htm. Accessed July 14, 2011.Google Scholar
38. International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, World Health Organization, The World Bank. http://www.unisdr.org/2009/campaign/pdf/wdrc-2008-2009-information-kit.pdf. Accessed July 14, 2011.Google Scholar
39. World Health Organization. World Health Day 2009: Save Lives. Make hospitals safe in emergencies. http://www.who.int/world-health-day/2009/en/index.html. Accessed July 14, 2011.Google Scholar
40. KeywordSpy. Disaster Response Plans. http://www.keywordspy.com/overview/ domain.aspx?q=disaster response plans. Accessed July 14, 2011.Google Scholar
41. National Network/Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). NN/LM Emergency Preparedness & Response Toolkit. http://nnlm.gov/ep/about-the-plan/. Accessed July 14, 2011.Google Scholar
42. University of Wisconsin Emergency Medical Services Program. Disaster Preparedness. http://www.prepmadison.org. Accessed January 10, 2011.Google Scholar
43. United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN-ISDR). Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction. Resilient People, Resilient Planet. Chair’s Summary, Fourth Session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland. May 21-23, 2013. http://www.ifrc.org/docs/IDRL/ 33306_finalchairssummaryoffourthsessionof.pdf. Accessed November 1, 2013.Google Scholar
44. South East Asia Regional Office of the World Health Organization (SEARO), Emergency and Humanitarian Action. South-East Asia Regional Health Emergency Fund (SEARHEF). http://www.searo.who.int/en/ Section1257/Section2263/Section2534_14422.htm. Accessed July 14, 2011.Google Scholar
45. South East Asia Regional Office (SEARO), World Health Organization. Emergency Preparedness and Response: From Lessons to Action. Report of the Regional Consultation, Bali, Indonesia. June 27-29, 2006. http://www.searo.who.int/ LinkFiles/EHA_RC_Rep_Bali_June-06.pdf. Accessed July 14, 2011.Google Scholar
46. South East Asia Regional Office (SEARO), World Health Organization. Benchmarking Emergency Preparedness. http://203.90.70.117/PDS_DOCS/B2074.pdf. Accessed March 3, 2013.Google Scholar
47. Rubin, M, Heuvelmans, JH, Tomic-Cica, A, Birnbaum, ML. Health-related relief in the Former Yugoslavia: needs, demands, and supplies. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2000;15(1):1-11.Google Scholar
48. Dictionary.com. Definition of “conditional.” http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/conditional. Accessed February 25, 2013.Google Scholar
49. Matuza, J. Difference Between Goals & Objectives in Grant Writing. http://www.ehow.com/facts_4779897_between-goals-objectives-grant-writing.html. Accessed March 8, 2011.Google Scholar
50. Smith, A. “Goals” and “Objectives:” Know the Difference, Get Better Results. http://thebusinessplanblog.com/%e2%80%9cgoals%e2%80%9d-and-%e2%80%9cobjectives%e2%80%9d-know-the-difference-get-better-results/. Accessed March 08, 2011.Google Scholar
51. Schuman, L, Lewis, D, Ritchie, DC. The Difference Between Goals and Objectives. http://edweb.sdsu.edu/courses/edtec540/objectives/difference.html. Accessed March 8, 2011.Google Scholar
52. Oxford Dictionaries (on-line). Definition of “implementation.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/implementation. Accessed March 30, 2015.Google Scholar
53. Oxford Dictionaries (on-line). Definition of “implement.” http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/implement. Accessed March 8, 2011.Google Scholar
54. Birnbaum, ML. So what? Prehosp Disaster Med. 2009;24(6):471-472.Google Scholar