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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 February 2017
1 I call such action “extra-territorial law enforcement.” Others call it “necessity.” Whatever the semantics, the legality of such action—when the conditions of necessity, proportionality and immediacy are met—can scarcely be contested. See Yoram Dinstein, War, Aggression and Self-Defence 213-21 (3d ed. 2001).
2 SC Res. 940, (July 30, 1994), available at <http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/1994/scres94.htm>.
3 Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), Merits, 1986 ICJ Rep. 14, 347 (June 27) (Schwebel J., dissenting).
4 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Art. 31, United Nations Juridical Yearbook 140, 149 (1969).
5 See SC Res. 687 (Apr. 3, 1991), reprinted in 30 ILM 846 (1991).
6 SC Res. 660 (Aug. 2, 1990), reprinted in 29 ILM 1323 (1990).
7 See SC Res. 678 (Nov. 29, 1990), reprinted in 29 ILM 1565 (1990).
8 Hague Resolutions Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, 1907, Art. 40, The Laws of Armed Conflicts 75, 87 (D. Schindler & J. Toman eds., 3d ed. 1988).
9 Vienna Convention, supra note 4, at 155.
10 See Dinstein, supra note 1, at 54-55.
11 SC Res. 1441 (Nov. 8, 2002), reprinted in 42 ILM 250 (2003).
12 Id. at 251.