Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T10:59:51.894Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Play well, print well: using LEGO bricks as an intuitive benchmarking tool for 3D printers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2024

Alan Air*
Affiliation:
University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom National Manufacturing Institute of Scotland, United Kingdom
Andrew Wodehouse
Affiliation:
University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

In 3D printing, calibration is crucial for accurate prints, particularly those with complex or intricate features. This paper focuses on developing, manufacturing, and testing a benchmarking model to assess the dimensional accuracy of 3D printers. The aim is to evaluate the 3D printed model against a universally recognized real-world equivalent – a LEGO® brick – using its interlock function as a test with an engaging element. An interlock benchmarking framework aids further analysis of the model's performance, and a checklist for the model is provided for additional visual analysis.

Type
Design for Additive Manufacturing
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.
Copyright
The Author(s), 2024.

References

Bell, C. (2014), Maintaining and troubleshooting your 3D printer, Apress, Berkeley, CA, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 175-204, 245-269, https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-6808-6Google Scholar
Bhavnagarwala, H., (2018), ABS Print & Bed Temperature – All You Need to Know. [Online] All3DP. Available at: https://all3dp.com/2/abs-print-bed-temperature-all-you-need-to-know/ (accessed 04.01.2019).Google Scholar
Boca, M. A., Sover, A., and Slătineanu, L., (2020), "The dimensional accuracy of plastic parts made by the fused filament fabrication". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 997, 012021. https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/997/1/012021CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boulter, E., Colombelli, J., Henriques, R. and Féral, C. (2022), "The LEGO® brick road to open science and biotechnology". Trends in Biotechnology, Vol. 40 No. 9, pp. 1073-1087, https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.02.003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, C., and de Beer, D. (2013), "Development of a stereolithography (STL) slicing and G-code generation algorithm for an entry level 3-D printer". 2013 AFRICON, pp. 1-5, https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AFRCON.2013.6757836.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, T., Williams, C., Ivanova, O., and Garrett, B., (2011), Could 3D printing change the world? Technologies, Potential, and Implications of Additive Manufacturing. [Online] Atlantic Council, Strategic Foresight Initiative, Vol. 1 (3) pp. 1-16. Available at: http://www.cbpp.uaa.alaska.edu/afef/Additive%20MFG%20.pdf (assessed 04.01.2019).Google Scholar
Chacón, J., Caminero, M.A., García-Plaza, E. and Núñez, P.J., (2017), "Additive manufacturing of PLA structures using fused deposition modelling: Effect of process parameters on mechanical properties and their optimal selection". Materials & Design, Vol. 124, pp. 143-157, https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.03.065.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, G. K. (1961). "Toy building brick" (U.S. patent No. 3005282A)Google Scholar
Mitutoyo, (2018), Crysta-Apex S Series. [Online] Mitutoyo, Bulletin No. 2202(3), pp. 2-3, 5. Available at: https://www.mitutoyo.com/webfoo/wp-content/uploads/CRYSTA_ApexS-_2202.pdf (assessed 14.01.2019)Google Scholar
Gallace, A. and Spence, C. (2009), “The Cognitive and Neural Correlates of Tactile Memory”. Psychological bulletin, Vol. 135 No. 3, pp. 380-406. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0015325CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grunewald, S.J., (2018), Ten 3D Printable Calibration & Test Print Things. [Online] 3DPrint.com. Available at: https://3dprint.com/207828/103dp-calibration-test-prints/ (accessed 13.03.2019).Google Scholar
Horvath, J., and Cameron, R., (2020), Operating and Troubleshooting your 3D Printer, Apress, Berkeley, CA, https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5842-2_5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsiang Loh, G., Pei, E., Gonzalez-Gutierrez, J., and Monzón, M. (2020), "An Overview of Material Extrusion Troubleshooting". Applied Sciences, Vol. 10 No. 14, 4776. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144776CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hullette, T., O'Connell, J. and Schendel, G., (2024) "The Best 3D Printer Test Print Models in 2024". [Online] All3DP. Available at: https://all3dp.com/2/best-3d-printer-test-print-3d-models/ (accessed 04.01.2024).Google Scholar
Jennings, A., (2019), 3D Printing Troubleshooting 41 Common Problems. [Online] All3DP. Available at: https://all3dp.com/1/common-3d-printing-problems (accessed 04.01.2019).Google Scholar
Kamran, M., and Saxena, A., (2016), "A comprehensive study on 3D printing technology". MIT International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 63-69. ISSN 2230-7680Google Scholar
Kollsker, T. and Malaguti, E., (2021), “Models and algorithms for optimising two-dimensional LEGO constructions”. European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 289 No. 1, pp. 270-284. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2020.07.004Google Scholar
Kortelainen, J., Leino, M. and Lehtinen, T., (2021), “Troubleshooting and Tackling the Common Problems in VAT Photopolymerization and FDM 3D Printing”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 281-292. https://dx.doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.955405CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lauwaert, M., (2008), "Playing outside the box – on LEGO toys and the changing world of construction play", History and Technology, Vol. 24 No. 3, pp. 221-237, https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07341510801900300CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawson, R., Fernandes, A. M., Albuquerque, P. B. and Lacey, L., (2015), "Chapter 19 - Remembering Touch: Using Interference Tasks to Study Tactile and Haptic Memory", In: Editor, Jolicoeur, P. (Ed.), Lefebvre, C. (Ed.), and Martinez-Trujillo, J. (Ed.), Mechanisms of Sensory Working Memory, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 239-259. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801371-7.00019-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Industries, MakerBot, (2015), MakerBot Replicator 2X User Manual. [Online] MakerBot Industries. Vol 1 (2) pp. 32-36. Available at: https://www.manuals.co.uk/makerbot/replicator-2x/manual?p=3, (accessed 18.07.2023).Google Scholar
Simplify3d.com, (2019), Print Quality Troubleshooting Guide. [Online] Simplify3d.com. Available at: https://www.simplify3d.com/support/print-quality-troubleshooting/ (accessed 14.01.2019).Google Scholar
Stratasys, (2020), Stratasys J850/J835 User Guide. [Online] Stratasys. Available at: https://www.sys-uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/J850-J835-User-Guide-English.pdf, (accessed 18.07.2023).Google Scholar
Stratasys, (2021), Agilus30 Material Data Sheet PDF. [Online] Stratasys. Available at: https://www.stratasys.com/materials/search/agilus30, (accessed 16.08.2022).Google Scholar
The LEGO Group, (2017), LEGO Bricks in The Making. [Online] YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3oiy9eekzk, (accessed 10.08.2023)Google Scholar
Tucker, A., (2013), Fun Facts About LEGO. [Online] Chicago Museum of Science and Industry. Available at: https://www.msichicago.org/fileadmin/assets/press/brick_by_brick_press_kit/FUN_FACTS_ABOUT_LEGO_R_.pdf, (assessed 12.08.2023)Google Scholar
Ultimaker, , (2022), MakerBot Desktop: Prepare a model to print. [Online] Ultimaker. Available at: https://support.makerbot.com/s/article/MakerBot-Desktop-Prepare-a-model-to-print (accessed 18.07.2023)Google Scholar