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Luminous blue variables and B[e] supergiants

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 August 2024

Andrea Mehner Open the ORCID record for Andrea Mehner [Opens in a new window]
Andrea Mehner*
Affiliation:
ESO - European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Santiago de Chile, Chile
*
email: amehner@eso.org
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Abstract

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Luminous blue variables (LBVs) and B[e] supergiants (B[e]SGs) are some of the most massive stars that display extreme and puzzling behavior. Their rarity indicates that they belong to short evolutionary phases or short-lived phenomena in the post-main sequence evolution of massive stars. However, their strong mass loss and episodic mass eruptions may be crucially impacting massive star evolution. LBVs are a group of evolved massive stars that exhibit irregular variability and eruptive mass loss. Various subtypes, including S Doradus variables, giant eruptions, and pre-supernova outbursts, exist. The physical cause of the LBV phenomenon remains heavily debated. B[e]SGs have strong forbidden line emission and infrared excess from dust that are thought to arise in a circumstellar disk or torus. The formation mechanism of their disk-like structures is yet to be settled. The evolutionary phases of LBVs and B[e]SGs and their connection to other evolved massive stars are important unanswered questions in massive star evolution.

Keywords

stars: emission-lineBestars: evolution(stars:) circumstellar matterstars: windsoutflowsstars: variables: other
Type
Contributed Paper
Information
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union , Volume 18 , Symposium S361: Massive Stars Near and Far , May 2022 , pp. 437 - 446
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Astronomical Union

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