Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T08:01:29.144Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

X-rays from young star clusters: a complement to optical and infrared views

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 January 2010

Francesco Damiani
Francesco Damiani*
Affiliation:
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Piazza del Parlamento 1, 90134 Palermo, Italy email: damiani@astropa.inaf.it
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

In the last few years, X-ray observational studies of young star clusters have advanced significantly, mainly thanks to the great capabilities of current X-ray observatories such as Chandra and XMM/Newton. In addition to enabling a detailed study of coronae of individual bright stars, high-spatial-resolution X-ray observations of many young clusters and star-forming regions, even massive and distant ones, have led to the detection of large populations of X-ray-bright members, often down to subsolar masses, and despite strong absorption. The peculiar ability of X-ray emission to select young, low-mass cluster stars against a crowded Galactic-plane field-star background has permitted better studies of global cluster properties, with respect to optical/infrared studies alone, including of cluster initial mass functions (across wide mass ranges), star-formation histories (with indication of age spreads—or even sequences—in many clusters) and morphologies (various degrees of symmetry and dynamical relaxation), sometimes with evidence of mass segregation. Also, the complementary availability of X-ray and optical/infrared data has enabled to place constraints on lifetimes and depletion mechanisms of pre-main-sequence circumstellar disks.

Keywords

stars: pre–main-sequenceopen clusters and associations: generalX-rays: stars
Type
Contributed Papers
Information
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union , Volume 5 , Symposium S266: Star clusters: basic galactic building blocks throughout time and space , August 2009 , pp. 190 - 202
Copyright
Copyright © International Astronomical Union 2010

References

Albacete Colombo, J. F., Méndez, M., & Morrell, N. I. 2003, MNRAS, 346, 704CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albacete Colombo, J. F., Flaccomio, E., Micela, G., Sciortino, S., & Damiani, F. 2007, A&A, 464, 211Google Scholar
Albacete Colombo, J. F., Damiani, F., Micela, G., Sciortino, S., & Harnden, F. R. Jr. 2008, A&A, 490, 1055Google Scholar
Antokhin, I. I., Rauw, G., Vreux, J.-M., van der Hucht, K. A., & Brown, J. C. 2008, A&A, 477, 593Google Scholar
Argiroffi, C., Maggio, A., Peres, G., Stelzer, B., & Neuhäuser, R. 2005, A&A, 439, 1149Google Scholar
Argiroffi, C., Favata, F., Flaccomio, E., Maggio, A., Micela, G., Peres, G., & Sciortino, S. 2006, A&A, 459, 199Google Scholar
Broos, P. S., Feigelson, E. D., Townsley, L. K., Getman, K. V., Wang, J., Garmire, G. P., Jiang, Z., & Tsuboi, Y. 2007, ApJS, 169, 353CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caramazza, M., Micela, G., Prisinzano, L., Rebull, L., Sciortino, S., & Stauffer, J. R. 2008, A&A, 488, 211Google Scholar
Clark, J. S., Muno, M. P., Negueruela, I., Dougherty, S. M., Crowther, P. A., Goodwin, S. P., & de Grijs, R. 2008, A&A, 477, 147Google Scholar
Currie, T., Evans, N. R., Spitzbart, B. D., Irwin, J., Wolk, S. J., Hernandez, J., Kenyon, S. J., & Pasachoff, J. M. 2009, AJ, 137, 3210CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damiani, F., Micela, G., Sciortino, S., & Harnden, F. R. Jr. 1995, ApJ, 446, 331CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damiani, F., Flaccomio, E., Micela, G., Sciortino, S., Harnden, F. R. Jr., & Murray, S. S. 2004, ApJ, 608, 781CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damiani, F., Micela, G., Sciortino, S., Huélamo, N., Moitinho, A., Harnden, F. R. Jr., & Murray, S. S. 2006, A&A, 460, 133Google Scholar
Damiani, F., Micela, G., Sciortino, S., & Harnden, F. R. Jr. 2009, AIP Conf. Ser., 1094, 916CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Becker, M., Rauw, G., Blomme, R., Pittard, J. M., Stevens, I. R., & Runacres, M. C. 2005, A&A, 437, 1029Google Scholar
Delgado, A. J., González–Martín, O., Alfaro, E. J., & Yun, J. 2006, ApJ, 646, 269CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, N. R., Seward, F. D.; Krauss, M. I., Isobe, T., Nichols, J., Schlegel, E. M., & Wolk, S. J. 2003, ApJ, 589, 509CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, N. R., Schlegel, E. M., Waldron, W. L., Seward, F. D., Krauss, M. I., Nichols, J., & Wolk, S. J. 2004, ApJ, 612, 1065CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ezoe, Y., Kokubun, M., Makishima, K., Sekimoto, Y., & Matsuzaki, K. 2006, ApJ, 638, 860CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ezoe, Y., Kokubun, M., Makishima, K., Sekimoto, Y., & Matsuzaki, K. 2006, ApJ (Letters), 649, L123CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ezoe, Y., Hamaguchi, K., Gruendl, R. A., Chu, Y.-H., Petre, R., & Corcoran, M. F. 2009, PASJ, 61, S123CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Favata, F., Giardino, G., Micela, G., Sciortino, S., & Damiani, F. 2003, A&A, 403, 187Google Scholar
Feigelson, E. D. & Montmerle, T. 1999, ARA&A, 37, 363Google Scholar
Feigelson, E. D., Gaffney iii, J. A., Garmire, G., Hillenbrand, L. A., & Townsley, L. 2003, ApJ, 584, 911CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feigelson, E. D., Lawson, W. A., & Garmire, G. P. 2003, ApJ, 599, 1207CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feigelson, E. D. & Lawson, W. A. 2004, ApJ, 614, 267CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feigelson, E., Townsley, L., Güdel, M., & Stassun, K. 2007, in: Reipurth, B., Jewitt, D., & Keil, K., Protostars and Planets V, p. 313 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press)Google Scholar
Feigelson, E. D. & Townsley, L. K. 2008, ApJ, 673, 354CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feigelson, E. D., Martin, A. L., McNeill, C. J., Broos, P. S., & Garmire, G. P. 2009, AJ, 138, 227CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flaccomio, E., Damiani, F., Micela, G., Sciortino, S., Harnden, F. R. Jr., Murray, S. S., & Wolk, S. J. 2003, ApJ, 582, 382CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flaccomio, E., Damiani, F., Micela, G., Sciortino, S., Harnden, F. R. Jr., Murray, S. S., & Wolk, S. J. 2003, ApJ, 582, 398CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flaccomio, E., Micela, G., & Sciortino, S. 2006, A&A, 455, 903Google Scholar
Forbrich, J., Preibisch, T., & Menten, K. M. 2006, A&A, 446, 155Google Scholar
Forbrich, J. & Preibisch, T. 2007, A&A, 475, 959Google Scholar
Franciosini, E., Pallavicini, R., & Sanz–Forcada, J. 2006, A&A, 446, 501Google Scholar
Gagné, M., Skinner, S. L., & Daniel, K. J. 2004, ApJ, 613, 393CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garmire, G., Feigelson, E. D., Broos, P., Hillenbrand, L. A., Pravdo, S. H., Townsley, L., & Tsuboi, Y. 2000, AJ, 120, 1426CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Getman, K. V., Feigelson, E. D., Townsley, L., Bally, J., Lada, C. J., & Reipurth, B. 2002, ApJ, 575, 354CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Getman, K. V., et al. 2005, ApJS, 160, 319CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Getman, K. V., Feigelson, E. D., Townsley, L., Broos, P., Garmire, G., & Tsujimoto, M. 2006, ApJS, 163, 306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Getman, K. V., Feigelson, E. D., Garmire, G., Broos, P., & Wang, J. 2007, ApJ, 654, 316CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Getman, K. V., Feigelson, E. D., Lawson, W. A., Broos, P. S., & Garmire, G. P. 2008, ApJ, 673, 331CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Getman, K. V., Feigelson, E. D., Luhman, K. L., Sicilia–Aguilar, A., Wang, J., & Garmire, G. P. 2009, ApJ, 699, 1454CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giardino, G., Favata, F., & Micela, G. 2004, A&A, 424, 965Google Scholar
Giardino, G., Favata, F., Pillitteri, I., Flaccomio, E., Micela, G., & Sciortino, S. 2007, A&A, 475, 891Google Scholar
Giardino, G., Favata, F., Micela, G., Sciortino, S., & Winston, E. 2007, A&A, 463, 275Google Scholar
Gizis, J. E. & Bharat, R. 2004, ApJ (Letters), 608, L113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gondoin, P. 2006, A&A, 454, 595Google Scholar
Grosso, N., Montmerle, T., Feigelson, E. D., & Forbes, T. G. 2004, A&A, 419, 653Google Scholar
Guarcello, M. G., Prisinzano, L., Micela, G., Damiani, F., Peres, G., & Sciortino, S. 2007, A&A, 462, 245Google Scholar
Güdel, M. 2004, A&A Rev., 12, 71Google Scholar
Güdel, M., et al. 2007, A&A, 468, 353Google Scholar
Güdel, M., Briggs, K. R., Montmerle, T., Audard, M., Rebull, L., & Skinner, S. L. 2008, Science, 319, 309CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Güdel, M. & Nazé, Y. 2009, A&A Rev., 17, 309Google Scholar
Hamaguchi, K., Corcoran, M. F., Petre, R., White, N. E., Stelzer, B., Nedachi, K., Kobayashi, N., & Tokunaga, A. T. 2005, ApJ, 623, 291CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofner, P., Delgado, H., Whitney, B., Churchwell, E., & Linz, H. 2002, ApJ (Letters), 579, L95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imanishi, K., Koyama, K., & Tsuboi, Y. 2001, ApJ, 557, 747CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeffries, R. D., Evans, P. A., Pye, J. P., & Briggs, K. R. 2006, MNRAS, 367, 781CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeffries, R. D., Naylor, T., Walter, F. M., Pozzo, M. P., & Devey, C. R. 2009, MNRAS, 393, 538CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kastner, J. H., Huenemoerder, D. P., Schulz, N. S., Canizares, C. R., & Weintraub, D. A. 2002, ApJ, 567, 434CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohno, M., Koyama, K., & Hamaguchi, K. 2002, ApJ, 567, 423CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koo, B.-C., Lee, J.-J., Seward, F. D., & Moon, D.-S. 2005, ApJ, 633, 946CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lada, C. J., Gottlieb, C. A., Gottlieb, E. W., & Gull, T. R. 1976, ApJ, 203, 159CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lefloch, B. & Lazareff, B. 1994, A&A, 289, 559Google Scholar
Linder, N., Rauw, G., Manfroid, J., Damerdji, Y., De Becker, M., Eenens, P., Royer, P., & Vreux, J.-M. 2009, A&A, 495, 231Google Scholar
Linsky, J. L., Gagné, M., Mytyk, A., McCaughrean, M., & Andersen, M. 2007, ApJ, 654, 347CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mamajek, E. E., Lawson, W. A., & Feigelson, E. D. 1999, ApJ (Letters), 516, L77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marino, A., Micela, G., Peres, G., Pillitteri, I., & Sciortino, S. 2005, A&A, 430, 287Google Scholar
Moffat, A. F. J., et al. 2002, ApJ, 573, 191CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moitinho, A., Alves, J., Huélamo, N., & Lada, C. J. 2001, ApJ (Letters), 563, L73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muno, M. P., Law, C., Clark, J. S., Dougherty, S. M., de Grijs, R., Portegies Zwart, S., & Yusef–Zadeh, F. 2006, ApJ, 650, 203CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muno, M. P., Gaensler, B. M., Clark, J. S., de Grijs, R., Pooley, D., Stevens, I. R., & Portegies Zwart, S. F. 2007, MNRAS, 378, L44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakajima, H., Imanishi, K., Takagi, S.-I., Koyama, K., & Tsujimoto, M. 2003, PASJ, 55, 635CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nazé, Y., Rauw, G., & Manfroid, J. 2008, A&A, 483, 171Google Scholar
Osten, R. A. & Wolk, S. J. 2009, ApJ, 691, 1128CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ozawa, H., Grosso, N., & Montmerle, T. 2005, A&A, 438, 661Google Scholar
Pallavicini, R., Golub, L., Rosner, R., Vaiana, G. S., Ayres, T., & Linsky, J. L. 1981, ApJ, 248, 279CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poteet, C., Marchenko, S., Corcoran, M., & Andersen, M. 2004, BAAS, 36, 1380Google Scholar
Pravdo, S. H., Tsuboi, Y., Suzuki, Y., Thompson, T. J., & Rebull, L. 2009, ApJ, 690, 850CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preibisch, T. & Zinnecker, H. 2001, AJ, 122, 866CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preibisch, T. & Zinnecker, H. 2002, AJ, 123, 1613CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preibisch, T. 2003, A&A, 401, 543Google Scholar
Preibisch, T. 2003, A&A, 410, 951Google Scholar
Preibisch, T. & Zinnecker, H. 2004, A&A, 422, 1001Google Scholar
Prisinzano, L., Damiani, F., Micela, G., & Sciortino, S. 2005, A&A, 430, 941Google Scholar
Prisinzano, L., Damiani, F., Micela, G., & Pillitteri, I. 2007, A&A, 462, 123Google Scholar
Ramírez, S. V., Rebull, L., Stauffer, J., Hearty, T., Hillenbrand, L., Jones, B., Makidon, R., Pravdo, S., Strom, S., & Werner, M. 2004, AJ, 127, 2659CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramírez, S. V., Rebull, L., Stauffer, J., Strom, S., Hillenbrand, L., Hearty, T., Kopan, E. L. Pravdo, S., Makidon, R., & Jones, B. 2004, AJ, 128, 787CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randich, S. 2000, ASP Conf. Ser., 198, 401Google Scholar
Rauw, G., Nazé, Y.; Gosset, E., Stevens, I. R., Blomme, R., Corcoran, M. F., Pittard, J. M., & Runacres, M. C. 2002, A&A, 395, 499Google Scholar
Rauw, G., De Becker, M., Gosset, E., Pittard, J. M., & Stevens, I. R. 2003, A&A, 407, 925Google Scholar
Rebull, L. M., Stauffer, J. R., Ramírez, S. V., Flaccomio, E., Sciortino, S., Micela, G., Strom, S. E., & Wolff, S. C. 2006, AJ, 131, 2934CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rho, J., Ramírez, S. V., Corcoran, M. F., Hamaguchi, K., & Lefloch, B. 2004, ApJ, 607, 904CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robrade, J. & Schmitt, J. H. M. M. 2007, A&A, 461, 669Google Scholar
Sana, H., Rauw, G., Nazé, Y., Gosset, E., & Vreux, J.-M. 2006, MNRAS, 372, 661CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sana, H., Rauw, G., Sung, H., Gosset, E., & Vreux, J.-M. 2007, MNRAS, 377, 945CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scelsi, L., Sacco, G., Affer, L., Argiroffi, C., Pillitteri, I., Maggio, A., & Micela, G. 2008, A&A, 490, 601Google Scholar
Simon, T., Andrews, S. M., Rayner, J. T., & Drake, S. A. 2004, ApJ, 611, 940CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, T. & Dahm, S. E. 2005, ApJ, 618, 795CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, T. 2006, AJ, 131, 501CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, T. 2009, ApJ, 694, 425CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, S., Gagné, M., & Belzer, E. 2003, ApJ, 598, 375CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, S. L., Zhekov, S. A., Palla, F., & Barbosa, C. L. D. R. 2005, MNRAS, 361, 191CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, S. L., Simmons, A. E., Zhekov, S. A., Teodoro, M., Damineli, A., & Palla, F. 2006, ApJ (Letters), 639, L35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, S. L., Simmons, A. E., Audard, M., & Güdel, M. 2007, ApJ, 658, 1144CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, S. L., Sokal, K. R., Cohen, D. H., Gagné, M., Owocki, S. P., & Townsend, R. D. 2008, ApJ, 683, 796CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, S. L., Sokal, K. R., Güdel, M., & Briggs, K. R. 2009, ApJ, 696, 766CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, S. L., Sokal, K. R., Megeath, S. T., Güdel, M., Audard, M., Flaherty, K. M., Meyer, M. R., & Damineli, A. 2009, ApJ, 701, 710CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stelzer, B. & Schmitt, J. H. M. M. 2004, A&A, 418, 687Google Scholar
Stelzer, B., Micela, G., & Neuhäuser, R. 2004, A&A, 423, 1029Google Scholar
Stelzer, B. & Scholz, A. 2009, A&A, 507, 227Google Scholar
Sung, H., Bessell, M. S., & Lee, S.-W. 1998, AJ, 115, 734CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takagi, S.-I., Murakami, H., & Koyama, K. 2002, ApJ, 573, 275CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Testa, P., Huenemoerder, D. P., Schulz, N. S., & Ishibashi, K. 2008, ApJ, 687, 579CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townsley, L. K., Feigelson, E. D., Montmerle, T., Broos, P. S., Chu, Y.-H., & Garmire, G. P. 2003, ApJ, 593, 874CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townsley, L. K., Broos, P. S., Feigelson, E. D., Brandl, B. R., Chu, Y.-H., Garmire, G. P., & Pavlov, G. G. 2006, AJ, 131, 2140CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townsley, L. K. 2006, in: Livio, M. (ed.), Massive Stars: From Population III and GRBs to the Milky Way, in press (astro-ph/0608173)Google Scholar
Tsuboi, Y., Koyama, K., Hamaguchi, K., Tatematsu, K., Sekimoto, Y., Bally, J., & Reipurth, B. 2001, ApJ, 554, 734CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsujimoto, M., Koyama, K., Tsuboi, Y., Goto, M., & Kobayashi, N. 2002, ApJ, 566, 974CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsujimoto, M., Kobayashi, N., & Tsuboi, Y. 2005, AJ, 130, 2212CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsujimoto, M., Hosokawa, T., Feigelson, E. D., Getman, K. V., & Broos, P. S. 2006, ApJ, 653, 409CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsujimoto, M., et al. 2007, ApJ, 665, 719CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walter, F. M., Wolk, S. J., Freyberg, M., & Schmitt, J. H. M. M. 1997, Mem. SAIt, 68, 1081Google Scholar
Wang, Q. D., Dong, H., & Lang, C. 2006, MNRAS, 371, 38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, J., Townsley, L. K., Feigelson, E. D., Getman, K. V., Broos, P. S., Garmire, G. P., & Tsujimoto, M. 2007, ApJS, 168, 100CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, J., Townsley, L. K., Feigelson, E. D., Broos, P. S., Getman, K. V., Román–Zúñiga, C. G., & Lada, E. 2008, ApJ, 675, 464CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, J., Feigelson, E. D., Townsley, L. K., Román–Zúñiga, C. G., Lada, E., & Garmire, G. 2009, ApJ, 696, 47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winston, E., Megeath, S. T., Wolk, S. J., Muzerolle, J., Gutermuth, R., Hora, J. L., Allen, L. E., Spitzbart, B., Myers, P., & Fazio, G. G. 2007, ApJ, 669, 493CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolk, S. J., Bourke, T. L., Smith, R. K., Spitzbart, B., & Alves, J. 2002, ApJ (Letters), 580, L161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolk, S. J., Spitzbart, B. D., Bourke, T. L., & Alves, J. 2006, AJ, 132, 1100CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolk, S. J., Spitzbart, B. D., Bourke, T. L., Gutermuth, R. A., Vigil, M., & Comerón, F. 2008, AJ, 135, 693CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolk, S. J. 2009, AIP Conf. Ser., 1094, 959CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yusef–Zadeh, F., Law, C., Wardle, M., Wang, Q. D., Fruscione, A., Lang, C. C., & Cotera, A. 2002, ApJ, 570, 665CrossRefGoogle Scholar