Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T06:15:24.573Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Young Massive Clusters

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2007

Donald F. Figer*
Affiliation:
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging ScienceRochester Institute of TechnologyRochester, NY 14623-5604 email: figer@cis.rit.edu
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Over the past ten years, there has been a revolution in our understanding of massive young stellar clusters in the Galaxy. Initially, there were no known examples having masses >104, yet we now know that there are at least a half dozen such clusters in the Galaxy. In all but one case, the masses have been determined through infrared observations. Several had been identified as clusters long ago, but their massive natures were only recently determined. Presumably, we are just scratching the surface, and we might look forward to having statistically significant samples of coeval massive stars at all important stages of stellar evolution in the near future. I review the efforts that have led to this dramatic turn of events and the growing sample of young massive clusters in the Galaxy.

Type
Contributed Papers
Copyright
Copyright © International Astronomical Union 2008

References

Allen, D. A., Hyland, A. R., & Hillier, D. J. 1990, MNRAS, 244, 706Google Scholar
Barbosa, C. & Figer, D. 2004, (arXiv:astro-ph/0408491)Google Scholar
Becklin, E. E., Matthews, K., Neugebauer, G., & Willner, S. P. 1978, ApJ, 219, 121CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benjamin, R. A., Churchwell, E., Babler, B. L. et al. 2003, PASP, 115, 953CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bica, E., Dutra, C. M., Soares, J., & Barbuy, B. 2003, A&A, 404, 223Google Scholar
Blum, R. D., Schaerer, D., Pasquali, A. et al. 2001, AJ, 122, 1875CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blum, R. D., Sellgren, K., & Depoy, D. L. 1995b ApJ, 440, L17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blum, R. D., Sellgren, K., & Depoy, D. L. 1996a AJ, 112, 1988CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandner, W., Clark, J. S., Stolte, A. et al. 2008, A&A, 478, 137Google Scholar
Clark, J. S., Negueruela, I., Crowther, P. A., & Goodwin, S. P. 2005, A&A, 434, 949Google Scholar
Cotera, A. S. 1995, Ph.D. ThesisGoogle Scholar
Cotera, A. S., Erickson, E. F., Colgan, S. W.J. et al. 1996, ApJ, 461, 750CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cotera, A. S., Simpson, J. P., Erickson, E. F. et al. 1999, ApJ, 510, 747CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowther, P. A., Hadfield, L. J., Clark, J. S. et al. 2006, MNRAS, 372, 1407CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, B., Figer, D. F., Kudritzki, R.-P. et al. 2007, ApJ, 671, 781CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, B., Figer, D. F., Law, C. J. et al. 2008, ApJ, 676, 1016CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dias, W. S., Alessi, B. S., Moitinho, A., & Lépine, J. R. D. 2002, A&A, 389, 871Google Scholar
Eisenhauer, F., Genzel, R., Alexander, T. et al. 2005, ApJ, 628, 246CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Figer, D. F. 1995, Ph.D. ThesisGoogle Scholar
Figer, D. F. 2005, Nature, 434, 192CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Figer, D. F. 2008, in press (arXiv:0803.1619)Google Scholar
Figer, D. F., Najarro, F., Gilmore, D. et al. 2002, ApJ, 581, 258CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Figer, D. F., Kim, S. S., Morris, M. et al. 1999b, ApJ, 525, 750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Figer, D. F., MacKenty, J. W., Robberto, M. et al. 2006, ApJ, 643, 1166CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Figer, D. F., McLean, I. S., & Morris, M. 1995, ApJ, 447, L29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Figer, D. F., McLean, I. S., & Morris, M. 1999a ApJ, 514, 202CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Figer, D. F., Morris, M., Geballe, T. R. et al. 1999c ApJ, 525, 759CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Figer, D. F., Najrro, F., Geballe, T. R. et al. 2005, ApJ, 622, L49CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Figer, D. F., Najarro, F., Morris, M. et al. 1998, ApJ, 506, 384CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forrest, W. J., Shure, M. A., Pipher, J. L., & Woodward, C. E. 1987, in: Backer, D. C. (ed.), The Galactic Center (New York: AIP), AIP Conf Proc 155, 153Google Scholar
Geballe, T. R., Genzel, R., Krabbe, A. et al. 1994, in: McLean, I. S. (ed.), Infrared Astronomy with Arrays, The Next Generation, Astrophys Space. Sci. Lib. 190, 73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geballe, T. R., Najarro, F., & Figer, D. F. 2000, ApJ, 530, L97CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genzel, R., Schödel, R., Ott, T. et al. 2003, ApJ, 594, 812CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genzel, R., Thatte, N., Krabbe, A. et al. 1996, ApJ, 472, 153CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glass, I. S., Matsumoto, S., Carter, B. S., & Sekiguchi, K. 2001, MNRAS, 321, 77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glass, I. S., Moneti, A., & Moorwood, A. F. M. 1990, MNRAS, 242, 55PCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groh, J. H., Damineli, A., Teodoro, M., & Barbosa, C. L. 2006, A&A, 457, 591Google Scholar
Harayama, Y. 2007, PhD Thesis, LMU MünchenGoogle Scholar
Harris, A. I., Krenz, T., Genzel, R. et al. 1994, in: Genzel, R. & Harries, A. I. (eds.), The Nuclei of Normal Galaxies: Lessons from the Galactic Center, (Dodrecht: Kluwer), NATO Advanced Science Inst. Series C, 445, 223CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphreys, R. M., & Davidson, K. 1994, PASP, 106, 1025CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, S. S., Figer, D. F., Kudritzki, R. P., & Najarro, F. 2006, ApJ, 653, L113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krabbe, A., et al. 1995, ApJ, 447, L95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krabbe, A., Genzel, R., Drapatz, S., & Rotaciuc, V. 1991, ApJ, 382, L19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuchar, T. A., & Bania, T. M. 1994, ApJ, 436, 117CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lang, C. C., Figer, D. F., Goss, W. M., & Morris, M. 1999, AJ, 118, 2327CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lang, C. C., Goss, W. M., & Rodríguez, L. F. 2001, ApJ, 551, L143CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lang, C. C., Johnson, K. E., Goss, W. M., & Rodríguez, L. F. 2005, AJ, 130, 2185CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Law, C. & Yusef-Zadeh, F. 2004, ApJ, 611, 858CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lebofsky, M. J., Rieke, G. H., & Tokunaga, A. T. 1982, ApJ, 263, 736CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muno, M. P., Clark, J. S., Crowther, P. A. et al. 2006, ApJ, 636, L41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagata, T., Woodward, C. E., Shure, M., & Kobayashi, N. 1995, AJ, 109, 1676CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagata, T., Woodward, C. E., Shure, M. et al. 1990, ApJ, 351, 83CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Najarro, F. 1995, Ph.D. ThesisGoogle Scholar
Najarro, F., Hillier, D. J., Kudritzki, R.-P. et al. 1994, A&A, 285, 573Google Scholar
Najarro, F., Krabbe, A., Genzel, R. et al. 1997, A&A, 325, 700Google Scholar
Nakaya, H., Watanabe, M., Ando, M. et al. 2001, AJ, 122, 876CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Negueruela, I. & Clark, J. S. 2005, A&A, 436, 541Google Scholar
Nelan, E. P., Walborn, N. R., Wallace, D. J. et al. 2004, AJ, 128, 323CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oey, M. S. & Clarke, C. J. 2005, ApJ, 620, L43CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okuda, H., Shibai, H., Nakagawa, T. et al. 1990, ApJ, 351, 89CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rieke, G. H., Telesco, C. M., & Harper, D. A. 1978, ApJ, 220, 556CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rockefeller, G., Fryer, C. L., Melia, F., & Wang, Q. D. 2005, ApJ, 623, 171CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salpeter, E. E. 1955, ApJ, 121, 161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwarzschild, M. & Härm, R. 1959, ApJ, 129, 637CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schödel, R., Eckart, A., Alexander, T. et al. 2007, A&A, 469, 125Google Scholar
Serabyn, E., Shupe, D., & Figer, D. F. 1998, Nature, 394, 448CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, S. L., Simmons, A. E., Zhekov, S. A. et al. 2006, ApJ, 639, L35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skrutskie, M. F., Schneider, S. E., Stiening, R. et al. 1997, in: Garzon, F. (ed.), The Impact of Large Scale Near-IR Sky Surveys (Dordrecht: Kluwer), Astrophys Space Sci Lib, 210, 25Google Scholar
Smith, N. 2008, in: Livio, M. (ed.), Massive Stars: From Pop III and GRBs to the Milky Way, (Cambridge: CUP) in press (arXiv:astro-ph/0607457)Google Scholar
Stephenson, C. B. 1990, AJ, 99, 1867CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanner, A., Figer, D. F., Najarro, F. et al. 2006, ApJ, 641, 891CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timmermann, R., Genzel, R., Poglitsch, A. et al. 1996, ApJ, 466, 242CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuthill, P. G., Monnier, J. D., & Danchi, W. C. 1999, Nature, 398, 487CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuthill, P., Monnier, J., Tanner, A. et al. 2006, Science, 313, 935.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Hucht, K. A. 2001, New Astronomy Review, 45, 135CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Q. D., Dong, H., & Lang, C. 2006, MNRAS, 371, 38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weidner, C. & Kroupa, P. 2004, MNRAS, 348, 187CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weidner, C. & Kroupa, P. 2006, MNRAS, 365, 1333CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfire, M. G. & Cassinelli, J. P. 1987, ApJ, 319, 850CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yusef-Zadeh, F., Law, C., Wardle, M. et al. 2002, ApJ, 570, 665CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yusef-Zadeh, F. & Morris, M. 1987, ApJ, 320, 545CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yusef-Zadeh, F., Nord, M., Wardle, M. et al. 2003, ApJ, 590, L103CrossRefGoogle Scholar