Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T11:05:04.920Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Functional Safety Concept Generation within the Process of Preliminary Design of Automated Driving Functions at the Example of an Unmanned Protective Vehicle

Part of: Mobility

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 July 2019

Robert Graubohm ,
Torben Stolte ,
Gerrit Bagschik ,
Markus Steimle  and
Markus Maurer

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Structuring the early design phase of automotive systems is an important part of efficient and successful development processes. Today, safety considerations (e.g., the safety life cycle of ISO 26262) significantly affect the course of development. Preliminary designs are expressed in functional system architectures, which are required to form safety concepts. Thus, mapping tasks and work products to a reference process during early design stages is an important part of structuring the system development. This contribution describes the systematic creation and notation of the functional safety concept within the concept phase of development of an unmanned protective vehicle within the research project aFAS. Different stages of preliminary design and dependencies between them are displayed by the work products created and used. The full set of functional safety requirements and an excerpt of the safety argument structure of the SAE level 4 application are presented.

Keywords

Automated drivingCase studyDesign practiceRequirementsRisk management
Type
Article
Information
Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design , Volume 1 , Issue 1 , July 2019 , pp. 2863 - 2872
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2019

References

Abdulkhaleq, A., Wagner, S., Lammering, D., Boehmert, H. and Blueher, P. (2017), “Using STPA in Compliance with ISO 26262 for Developing a Safe Architecture for Fully Automated Vehicles”, In: Dencker, P., Klenk, H., Keller, H. B. and Plödereder, E. (Ed.), Automotive - Safety & Security 2017, Gesellschaft für Informatik, Bonn, Germany, pp. 149–162.Google Scholar
Antonino, P. O. and Trapp, M. (2014), “Improving Consistency Checks between Safety Concepts and View Based Architecture Design”, Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management PSAM 12, Honolulu, HI, USA, International Association for Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management.Google Scholar
Bagschik, G., Nolte, M., Ernst, S. and Maurer, M. (2018), “A System's Perspective Towards an Architecture Framework for Safe Automated Vehicles”, IEEE 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Maui, HI, USA, IEEE, pp. 2438–2445. https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2018.8569398Google Scholar
Bagschik, G., Reschka, A., Stolte, T. and Maurer, M. (2016), “Identification of Potential Hazardous Events for an Unmanned Protective Vehicle”, IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Gothenburg, Sweden, IEEE, pp. 691–697. https://doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2016.7535462Google Scholar
Bagschik, G., Stolte, T. and Maurer, M. (2017), “Safety Analysis Based on Systems Theory Applied to an Unmanned Protective Vehicle”, Procedia Engineering, Vol. 179, pp. 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.03.096Google Scholar
Becker, J., Helmle, M. and Pink, O. (2017), “System Architecture and Safety Requirements for Automated Driving”, In: Watzenig, D. and Horn, M. (Ed.), Automated Driving, Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 265–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31895-0_11Google Scholar
Beckers, K., Côté, I., Frese, T., Hatebur, D. and Heisel, M. (2014), “Systematic Derivation of Functional Safety Requirements for Automotive Systems”, In: Bondavalli, A. and Di Giandomenico, F. (Ed.), Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security, Vol. 8666, Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 65–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10506-2_5Google Scholar
Binfet-Kull, M., Heitmann, P. and Ameling, C. (1998), “System Safety for an Autonomous Driving Vehicle”, IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Vehicles, Stuttgart, Germany, IEEE, pp. 469–474.Google Scholar
Bishop, P. and Bloomfield, R. (1998), “A Methodology for Safety Case Development”, In: Redmill, F. and Anderson, T. (Ed.), Industrial Perspectives of Safety-critical Systems, Springer London, England, pp. 194–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1534-2_14Google Scholar
Feth, P., Adler, R., Fukuda, T., Ishigooka, T., Otsuka, S., Schneider, D., Uecker, D. and Yoshimura, K. (2018), “Multi-aspect Safety Engineering for Highly Automated Driving: Looking Beyond Functional Safety and Established Standards and Methodologies”, In: Gallina, B., Skavhaug, A. and Bitsch, F. (Ed.), Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 11088, Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99130-6_5Google Scholar
Gillen, C., Hesse, L. and Lammermann, M. (2014), “The Efficient Safety Concept of the SpeedE Steer-By-Wire System”, 23rd Aachen Colloquium Automobile and Engine Technology, Aachen, Germany, pp. 379–387.Google Scholar
Graubohm, R., Stolte, T., Bagschik, G., Reschka, A. and Maurer, M. (2017), “Systematic Design of Automated Driving Functions Considering Functional Safety Aspects”, 8. Tagung Fahrerassistenz, Munich, Germany, Chair of Automotive Technology with TÜV SÜD Academy.Google Scholar
SCSC Assurance Case Working Group (2018), GSN Community Standard, Version 2, SCSC.Google Scholar
Habli, I., Ibarra, I., Rivett, R. S. and Kelly, T. (2010), “Model-Based Assurance for Justifying Automotive Functional Safety”, SAE World Congress & Exhibition, Detroit, MI, USA, SAE International. https://doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-0209Google Scholar
Hörwick, M. and Siedersberger, K.-H. (2010), “Strategy and Architecture of a Safety Concept for Fully Automatic and Autonomous Driving Assistance Systems”, IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, La Jolla, CA, USA, IEEE, pp. 955–960. https://doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2010.5548115Google Scholar
International Organization for Standardization (2016), ISO/DIS 26262: Road vehicles: Functional safety, ISO, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
International Organization for Standardization (2018), ISO/PRF PAS 21448: Road vehicles : Safety of the intended functionality, ISO, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Johansson, R., Nilsson, J., Bergenhem, C., Behere, S., Tryggvesson, J., Ursing, S., Söderberg, A., Törngren, M. and Warg, F. (2017), “Functional Safety and Evolvable Architectures for Autonomy”, In: Watzenig, D. and Horn, M. (Ed.), Automated Driving, Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 547–560. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31895-0_25Google Scholar
Kelly, T. P. (1998), Arguing Safety: A Systematic Approach to Managing Safety Cases, PhD Thesis, University of York, England.Google Scholar
Kelly, T. P., Bate, I. J., McDermid, J. A. and Burns, A. (1997), “Building a Preliminary Safety Case: An Example From Aerospace”, Proceedings of the Australian Workshop on Industrial Experience with Safety Critical Systems and Software, Sydney, Australia, Australian Computer Society.Google Scholar
Kocsis, M., Susmann, N., Buyer, J. and Zollner, R. (2017), “Safety Concept for Autonomous Vehicles that Operate in Pedestrian Areas”, IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration, Taipei, Taiwan, IEEE, pp. 841–846. https://doi.org/10.1109/sii.2017.8279327Google Scholar
Krithivasan, G., Taylor, W. and Nelson, J. (2015), “Developing Functional Safety Requirements using Process Model Variables”, SAE World Congress & Exhibition, Detroit, MI, USA, SAE International. https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0275Google Scholar
Nilsson, J., Bergenhem, C., Jacobson, J., Johansson, R. and Vinter, J. (2013), “Functional Safety for Cooperative Systems”, SAE World Congress & Exhibition, Detroit, MI, USA, SAE International. https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-0197Google Scholar
Nolte, M., Bagschik, G., Jatzkowski, I., Stolte, T., Reschka, A. and Maurer, M. (2017), “Towards a Skill- And Ability-Based Development Process for Self-Aware Automated Road Vehicles”, IEEE 20th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Yokohama, Japan, IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2017.8317814Google Scholar
Reschka, A. (2016), “Safety Concept for Autonomous Vehicles”, In: Maurer, M., Gerdes, J. C., Lenz, B. and Winner, H. (Ed.), Autonomous Driving, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 473–496. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48847-8_23Google Scholar
International, SAE (2018), Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles, SAE. https://doi.org/10.4271/j3016_201806Google Scholar
Sexton, D., Priore, A. and Botham, J. (2014), “Effective Functional Safety Concept Generation in the Context of ISO 26262”, SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems, Vol. 7 No. 1, pp. 95–102. https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-0207Google Scholar
Stolte, T., Bagschik, G. and Maurer, M. (2016), “Safety Goals and Functional Safety Requirements for Actuation Systems of Automated Vehicles”, IEEE 19th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. IEEE, pp. 2191–2198. https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2016.7795910Google Scholar
Stolte, T., Bagschik, G., Reschka, A. and Maurer, M. (2017), “Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment for an Automated Unmanned Protective Vehicle”, IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Redondo Beach, CA, USA, IEEE, pp. 1848–1855. https://doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2017.7995974Google Scholar
Stolte, T., Reschka, A., Bagschik, G. and Maurer, M. (2015), “Towards Automated Driving: Unmanned Protective Vehicle for Highway Hard Shoulder Road Works”, IEEE 18th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain, IEEE, pp. 672–677. https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2015.115Google Scholar
Waymo (2017), Waymo Safety Report: On the Road to Fully Self-Driving, Waymo, Mountain View, CA, USA.Google Scholar
Woopen, T., Lampe, B., Böddeker, T., Eckstein, L., Kampmann, A., Alrifaee, B., Kowalewski, S., Moormann, D., Stolte, T., Jatzkowski, I., Maurer, M., Möstl, M., Ernst, R., Ackermann, S., Amersbach, C., Leinen, S., Winner, H., Püllen, D., Katzenbeisser, S., Becker, M., Stiller, C., Furmans, K., Bengler, K., Diermeyer, F., Lienkamp, M., Keilhoff, D., Reuss, H.-C., Buchholz, M., Dietmayer, K., Lategahn, H., Siepenkötter, N., Elbs, M., v. Hinüber, E., Dupuis, M. and Hecker, C. (2018), “UNICARagil - Disruptive Modular Architectures for Agile, Automated Vehicle Concepts”, 27th Aachen Colloquium Automobile and Engine Technology, Aachen, Germany. https://doi.org/10.18154/RWTH-2018-229909Google Scholar