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Furness’s First Farmers: Evidence of Early Neolithic Settlement and Dairying in Cumbria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 May 2020

Gav Robinson ,
Matthew Town ,
Torben Bjarke Ballin ,
Ann Clarke ,
Julie Dunne ,
Richard P. Evershed ,
Lynne F Gardiner ,
Alex Gibson  and
Hannah Russ
Gav Robinson
Affiliation:
Northern Archaeological Associates, Harmire Enterprise Park, Barnard Castle, County Durham DL12 8BN, UK Email: gr@naaheritage.com, mt@naaheritage.com
Matthew Town
Affiliation:
Northern Archaeological Associates, Harmire Enterprise Park, Barnard Castle, County Durham DL12 8BN, UK Email: gr@naaheritage.com, mt@naaheritage.com
Torben Bjarke Ballin
Affiliation:
Banknock Cottage, Denny, StirlingshireFK6 5NA, UK
Ann Clarke
Affiliation:
Email: amclarke@btconnect.com
Julie Dunne
Affiliation:
Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, BristolBS8 1TS, UK
Richard P. Evershed
Affiliation:
Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, BristolBS8 1TS, UK
Lynne F Gardiner
Affiliation:
Wardell Armstrong, Marconi Road, Burgh Road Industrial Estate, Carlisle, Cumbria, CA2 7NA
Alex Gibson
Affiliation:
15 Alexandra Crescent, Ilkley, West Yorkshire, LS29 9ER
Hannah Russ
Affiliation:
Website: www.archaeology.biz
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Abstract

In 2015, excavations at Stainton Quarry, Furness, Cumbria, recovered remains that provide a unique insight into Early Neolithic farming in the vicinity. Five pits, a post-hole, and deposits within a tree-throw and three crevices in a limestone outcrop were investigated. The latter deposits yielded potentially the largest assemblage of Carinated Bowl fragments yet recovered in Cumbria. Lipid analysis identified dairy fats within nine of these sherds. This was consistent with previous larger studies but represents the first evidence that dairying was an important component of Early Neolithic subsistence strategies in Cumbria. In addition, two deliberately broken polished stone axes, an Arran pitchstone core, a small number of flint tools and debitage, and a tuff flake were retrieved. The site also produced moderate amounts of charred grain, hazelnut shell, charcoal, and burnt bone. Most of the charred grain came from an Early Neolithic pit and potentially comprises the largest assemblage of such material recovered from Cumbria to date. Radiocarbon dating indicated activity sometime during the 40th–35th centuries cal bc as well as an earlier presence during the 46th–45th centuries. Later activity during the Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age was also demonstrated. The dense concentration of material and the fragmentary and abraded nature of the pottery suggested redeposition from an above-ground midden. Furthermore, the data recovered during the investigation has wider implications regarding the nature and use of the surrounding landscape during the Early Neolithic and suggests higher levels of settlement permanence, greater reliance on domesticated resources, and a possible different topographical focus for settlement than currently proposed.

Résumé

RÉSUMÉ

Les premiers agriculteurs de Furness: Témoignages d’une occupation du début du Néolithique et de laiterie en Cumbria, de Gav Robinson et Matthew Town

En 2015, des fouilles à la carrière de Stainton, Furness, Cumbria ont recouvré des vestiges qui apportent un unique aperçu de l’agriculture du début du Néolithique dans les environs. Cinq fosses, un trou de poteau et des dépôts à l’intérieur d’un trou laissé par les racines d’un arbre, et trois crevasses dans un affleurement de calcaire ont été investigués. Les derniers dépôts ont potentiellement livré le plus important assemblage de fragments de bols carinés recouvrés à ce jour en Cumbria. Une analyse des lipides a identifié des matières grasses de lait à l’intérieur de neuf de ces tessons. Ceci était conforme avec de précédentes, plus grandes, études mais représente le premier témoignage que la production laitière constituait un composant important des stratégies de subsistance du début du Néolithique en Cumbria. S’ajoutait à cela deux haches, en pierre polie délibérément cassées, un noyau de pierre d’.Arran, un petit nombre d’outils en silex et du débitage et un éclat de tuffeau.furent récupérés. Le site a aussi produit des quantités modérées de graines calcinées, de coquilles de noisettes, charbon de bois et os calcinés. La plus grande partie des graines provenait d’une fosse du début du Néolithique et comprenait potentiellement le plus grand assemblage de tels matériaux jamais recouvré à ce jouren Cumbria. Des datations au C14 indiquaient une activité à un moment donné pendant le 40 ièmes–35ièmes siècles cal av.J.-C. ainsi qu’une présence antérieure pendant les 46ièmes–45ièmes siècles Des activités ultérieures, pendant le Chalcolithique et le début de l’Age du Bronze ont également été mises en évidence La dense concentration de matériel et la nature fragmentaire et abrasée de la poterie suggère une redéposition d’un tas d’ordures en surface En plus, les données recouvrées pendant l’investigation ont des implications plus étendues en ce qui concerne la nature et l’utilisation du paysage environnant au cours du début du Néolithique et indique des degrés plus élevés de permanence d’occupation,une plus grande fiabilité sur les ressources domestiquées et eut-êre un éventuel nouveau centre topographique pour l’occupation que celui proposé actuellement

Zusammenfassung

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Die ersten Bauern von Furness: Belege für Besiedlung und Milchwirtschaft im Frühneolithikum in Cumbria, von Gav Robinson und Matthew Town

Durch Ausgrabungen in der Stainton Quarry, Furness, Cumbria, wurden im Jahr 2015 Befunde freigelegt, die einen einzigartigen Einblick in den frühneolithischen Ackerbau der Region erlauben. Fünf Gruben, ein Pfostenloch sowie Fundansammlungen in einem Baumwurf und in drei Felsspalten in einem Kalkfelsen wurden untersucht. Diese Funde liefern das möglicherweise größte Ensemble von Carinated Bowl-Fragmenten, das je in Cumbria gefunden wurde. Durch Analysen von Lipiden wurden in neun dieser Scherben Milchfette festgestellt. Dies steht in Einklang mit vorherigen umfassenderen Untersuchungen, bildet aber den ersten Nachweis, dass die Milchwirtschaft ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Subsistenzstrategien im Frühneolithikum in Cumbria war. Außerdem wurden zwei absichtlich zerbrochene polierte Steinäxte, ein Pechsteinkern von Arran, eine kleine Zahl an Feuersteinwerkzeugen und -abfällen und ein Abschlag aus Tuff geborgen. Vom Fundplatz stammen auch geringe Mengen verkohlter Getreidekörner, Haselnussschalen, Holzkohle und verbrannter Knochen. Die meisten verkohlten Getreidekörner kamen aus einer frühneolithischen Grube und stellen möglicherweise die größte Menge dieses Fundmaterials dar, das bisher in Cumbria gefunden wurde. Radiokarbondaten zeigen Aktivitäten etwa während des 40. Bis 35. Jahrhunderts cal bc an, aber auch eine frühere Präsenz während des 46.–45. Jahrhunderts. Spätere Aktivitäten im Chalkolithikum und der Frühbronzezeit sind ebenfalls belegt. Die dichte Konzentration an Material und der fragmentarische und verwitterte Zustand der Keramik legen nahe, dass eine Verlagerung von einem oberirdischen Abfallhaufen stattfand. Die durch die Untersuchungen vorliegenden Daten haben eine weitergehende Bedeutung für den Charakter und die Nutzung der umgebenden Landschaft im Frühneolithikum und deuten darauf hin, dass es eine höhere Permanenz der Besiedlung, eine größere Nutzung domestischer Ressourcen und einen möglicherweise anderen topographischen Schwerpunkt der Besiedlung gab als bislang angenommen.

Resumen

RESUMEN

Los primeros campesinos de Furness: evidencia de asentamiento y productos lácteos en Cumbria, por Gav Robinson y Matthew Town

En 2015, las excavaciones en la cantera de Stainton, Furness, Cumbria, proporcionaron restos que ofrecen una visión única sobre las actividades agrícolas del Neolítico inicial en la zona. Se documentaron cinco hoyos, un agujero de poste, un depósito dentro de la concavidad creada por la raíz de un árbol y tres grietas en un afloramiento de caliza. Estos últimos depósitos proporcionaron el mayor conjunto de fragmentos de cerámica carenada documentado en Cumbria. El análisis de lípidos ha permitido identificar la presencia de grasas relacionadas con los productos lácteos en nueve de estos fragmentos. Esto es consistente con lo propuesto en estudios anteriores más amplios, pero representa la primera evidencia de que los productos lácteos fueron un componente importante de las estrategias de subsistencia del Neolítico antiguo en Cumbria. A ello, se debe añadir la presencia de dos hachas pulimentadas deliberadamente rotas, un núcleo de resinita de Arran, un pequeño número de útiles líticos y de restos de talla y una lámina de toba. El yacimiento también ha permitido documentar cantidades moderadas de grano carbonizado, cáscaras de avellana, carbón y hueso quemado. La mayor parte de los granos carbonizados proceden de un silo del Neolítico antiguo y potencialmente constituye el conjunto más abundante de este tipo de material documentado en Cumbria hasta la fecha. Las dataciones radiocarbónicas indican un momento de intensa ocupación entre los siglos 40 y 35 cal bc al igual que una presencia más antigua entre los siglos 46 y 47. Las últimas actividades llevadas a cabo en el yacimiento se pueden situar en el Calcolítico y la Edad del Bronce. La densa concentración de material y el carácter fragmentario y erosionado de la cerámica sugiere una redeposición de una concentración inicial más elevada. Además, los datos recuperados durante la investigación tienen amplias implicaciones en relación con la naturaleza y uso de los paisajes circundantes durante el Neolítico antiguo y sugieren una alta permanencia en la ocupación, una gran dependencia de los recursos domésticos y la posibilidad de un lugar topográficamente diferente para el asentamiento del que se ha propuesto actualmente.

Type
Research Article
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 86 , December 2020 , pp. 165 - 198
Copyright
© The Prehistoric Society, 2020

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