Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T18:52:47.950Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Radiocarbon evidence for the Lateglacial Human Recolonisation of Northern Europe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2014

R.A. Housley ,
C.S. Gamble ,
M. Street  and
P. Pettitt
R.A. Housley
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, The University, Gregory Building, Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8QQ
C.S. Gamble
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO 17 1BJ
M. Street
Affiliation:
Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Forschungbereich Altsteinzeit, Schloss Monrepos, 56567 Neuwied, Germany
P. Pettitt
Affiliation:
Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology & the History of Art, 6 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3QJ
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper examines, through the use of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry dating, the database of Lateglacial cultures involved in the recolonisation of northern Europe. The aim is not only to determine the timing of that recolonisation, but also to propose a general model of hunter-gatherer colonisation at a sub-continental scale. The question is addressed of how long the period of abandonment of northern Europe during the Würm/Weichsel glaciation may have lasted, and when it both started and came to an end. A series of questions is asked concerning the processes and mechanics of recolonisation and the sequences for specific areas are examined. AMS radiocarbon dating shows that a two stage process was involved, which has important implications for our analysis of regional settlement patterns and the changing scale of Lateglacial hunting systems. Recolonisation was a dynamic process, integral to, and internally driven by, the social life of Lateglacial hunters. It may have been constrained by environmental and resource factors, which we have emphasised here, but ultimately it was an historical, social process and should be similarily regarded to that of the farmers. By measuring rates of expansion data are provided for use in other studies of hunter-gatherer colonisation.

Type
Research Article
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 63 , 1997 , pp. 25 - 54
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Albrecht, G. 1979. Magdalénien-lnventare von Petersfels. Tübingen: Archaeologica Venatoria 6.Google Scholar
Albrecht, G., Berke, H. & Poplin, F. (eds). 1983. Naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an Magdalénien-Inventaren vom Petersfels, Grabungen 1974–1976. Recherches scientifiques sur les inventaires Magdaléniens du Petersfels, fouilles 1974–1976. Tübingen: Monographien Urgeschichten 8, Venatoria.Google Scholar
Allain, J. 1989. La fin du Paléolitique supérieuren région centre. In J-Ph. Rigaud (ed.), 1989, 193–214.Google Scholar
Allain, J., Desbrosse, R., Kozlowski, J.K. & Rigaud, A. 1985. Le Magdalénien à Navettes. Gallia Préhistoire 28(1), 37–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ammerman, A.J. & Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. 1973. A population model for the diffusion of early farming in Europe. In Renfrew, A.C. (ed.), The Explanation of Culture Change, 343–58. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Ammerman, A.J. & Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. 1979. The wave of advance model for the spread of agriculture in Europe. In Renfrew, A.C. & Cooke, K. (eds), Transformations: mathematical approaches to culture change, 275–94. London: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andel, T.H. van & Runnels, C.N. 1995. The earliest farmer in Europe. Antiquity 69, 481–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barton, R.N.E., Roberts, A.J. & Roe, D.A. (eds). 1991. The Late Glacial in north-west Europe: human adaptation and environmental change at the end of the Pleistocene. London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 77.Google Scholar
Bellier, C. & Cattelain, P. 1986. Le Trou des Blaireaux à Vaucelles. Helenium 26, 46–57.Google Scholar
Birdsell, J.B. 1958. On population structure in generalized hunting and collecting populations. Evolution 12, 189–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blumentritt, R. & Hahn, J. 1978. Der Hohlefels bei Schelklingen, Alb-Donau-Kreis. Eine urgeschichtliche Fundstelle im Achtal. Kulturdenkmale in Baden-Wurttemberg, Kleiner Fiihrer 46, 4S.Google Scholar
Bonsall, C. & Smith, C. 1989. Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic bone and antler artefacts from Britain: first reactions to accelerator dates. Mesolithic Mescellany 10, 33–8.Google Scholar
Bosinski, G. 1979. Die Ausgrabungen in Gönnersdorf 1968–1976 und die Siedlungsbefunde der Grabung 1968. — Der Magdalénien-Fundplatz Gonnersdorf 3. Wiesbade.Google Scholar
Bratlund, B. 1991. A study of hunting lesions containing flint fragments on reindeer bones at Stellmoor, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. In Barton, R. et al. (eds), 1991, 193–207.Google Scholar
Bratlund, B. 1996. Archaeozoological comments on Final Palaeolithic frontiers in South Scandinavia. In Larsson, L. (ed.), 1996, 23–33.Google Scholar
Burdukiewicz, J. M. 1986. The Late Pleistocene Shouldered Point Assemblages in Western Europe. Leiden. E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Burke, A.M. 1992. Prey Movements and Settlement Patterns During the Upper Palaeolithic in Southwestern Francce. Unpublished Ph.D dissertation, New York University.Google Scholar
Campbell, J.B. 1977. The Upper Palaeolithic of Britain: a study of man and nature in the late Ice Age. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Charles, R. 1993a. Evidence for faunal exploitation during the Belgian Lateglacial: recent research on the Dupont collection from the Trou de Chaleux, In Exploitation des Animaux Sauvages à Travers le Temps, 103–14. Juan-les Pins: XIIIe Recontres Internationales d'Archeologie et d'Histoire d'Antibes IVe Colloque international de l'Homme et l'Animal, Société de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Éditions APDCA.Google Scholar
Charles, R. 1993b. Towards a new chronology for the Belgian lateglacial: recent radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system. Notae Praehistoricae 12, 59–62.Google Scholar
Charles, R. 1994. Food for Thought: Late Magdalenian chronology and faunal exploitation in the north-western Ardennes. Unpublished D.Phil, dissertation, Oxford University.Google Scholar
Charles, R. 1996. Back into the North: the radiocarbon evidence for the human recolonisation of the north-west Ardennes after the Last Glacial Maximum. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 62, 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chernysh, A.P. 1961. Palaeolitiginia Stoanka Molodóva. V. Kiev, An. Ukr. SSR.Google Scholar
Clark, J.G.D. 1965a. Radiocarbon dating and the spread of farming economy. Antiquity 39, 45–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, J.G.D. 1965b. Radiocarbon dating and the expansion of farming over Europe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 31, 58–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David, S. & Richard, H. 1989. Les cultures du tardiglaciaire dans le nord-est de la France. In Rigaud, J. Ph. (ed.), 1989, 101–58.Google Scholar
Desbrosse, R. & Kozlowski, J. K. 1988. Le Paléolithique final entre Atlantique et Vistule: comparaisons entre les civilisations de la plaine et celles des plateaux. In Otte, M. (ed.), De la Loire à l'Oder. Les Civilisations du Paléolithique final dans le nord-ouest européen, 655–81. Oxford: British Archaeological Report S444.Google Scholar
Djindjian, F. 1994. L'influence des frontières naturelles dans les déplacements des chasseurs-cueilleurs au Wiirm recént. Prehistoria Alpina 28, 7–28.Google Scholar
Dolukhanov, M. 1979. Evolution des systèmes éco-sociaux en Europe durant le pléistocène récent et le début de l'holocène. In de Sonneville-Bordes, D. (ed.), La Fin des Temps Glaciaires en Europe: chronostratigraphie et écologie des cultures du Paléolithique final, 869–76. Paris: Colloques internationaux CNRS 271.Google Scholar
Eriksen, B.V. 1996. Regional variation in Late Pleistocene subsistence strategies. Southern Scandinavian reindeer hunters in a European context. In Larsson, L. (ed.), 1996, 7–21.Google Scholar
Evin, J., Bintz, P. & Monjuvent, G. 1994. Human settlements and the last deglaciation in the French Alps. Radiocarbon 36(3), 345–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fagan, B., 1990. The Journey from Eden: the peopling of our world. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Fagnart, J-P. 1988. Les industries lithiques de Paléolithique supérieur dans le Nord de la France. Revue Archéologique de Picardie, Numéro spécial, 34–45.Google Scholar
Feustel, R. 1974. Die Kniegrotte, eine Magdalénien-Station in Thüringen. Veröff. Museum Ur- und Frügeschichte Thüringens 5.Google Scholar
Feustel, R. 1979. Le Magdalénien final en Thüringe (R.D.A.). In de Sonneville-Bordes, D. (ed.), La Fin des Temps Glaciaires en Europe: chronostratigraphie et écologie des cultures du Paléolithique final, 877–88. Paris: Colloques internationaux CNRS 271.Google Scholar
Feustel, R. 1980. Magdalénienstation Teufelsbrücke. Weimarer Monographien zur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte 3. I: Archäologischer Teil (mit Beiträgen von A. Bach, W. Kühn und K. Unger). II: Paläontologischer Teil (mit Beiträgen von G. Böhme, D. v. Knorre und R. Musil).Google Scholar
Fischer, A. & Tauber, H., 1986. New 14C datings of Late Palaeolithic cultures from northwestern Europe. Journal of Danish Archaeology 5, 7–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Floss, H. 1994. Rohmaterialversorgung im Paläolithikum des Mittelrheingebietes. Monographien des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, Mainz21.Google Scholar
Foley, R. & Lahr, M.M. 1994. Multiple dispersals and modern human origins. Evolutionary Anthropology 3, 48–60.Google Scholar
Gamble, C.S. 1991. The social context for European Palaeolithic art. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 57, 3–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gamble, C.S. 1993. Timewalkers: the prehistory of global colonization. Stroud: Alan Sutton.Google Scholar
Gowlett, J.A.J. 1986 Radiocarbon accelerator dating of the Upper Palaeolithic in northwest Europe: a provisional view, In Collcutt, S.N. (ed.), The Palaeolithic of Britain and its Nearest Neighbours: recent trends, 98–102. Sheffield: University of Sheffield Department of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Gowlett, J.A.J., Hall, E.T., Hedges, R.E.M. & Perry, C. 1986. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 3. Archaeometry 28, 116–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grønnow, B. 1987. Meiendorf and Stellmoor revisited. An analysis of late palaeolithic reindeer exploitation. Acta Archaeologica 56, 131–66.Google Scholar
Guthrie, R.D. 1984. Mosaics, allelochemics and nutrients: an ecological theory of late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions. In Martin, P.S. & Klein, R.G. (eds), Quaternary Extinctions: a prehistoric revolution, 259–98. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Hahn, J. 1973. Ausgrabungen eines spätpaläolithischen Rastplatzes in der Spitzbubenhöhle, Gem. Herbrechtingen-Eselburg, Kreis Heidenheim (Baden-Württemburg). In Müller-Beck, H-J. (ed.), Neue paläolithische und mesolithische Ausgrabungen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 55–8, Tübingen: Zum IX INQUA-Kongres.Google Scholar
Hahn, J. 1979. Essai sur l'écologie du Magdalénien dans le Jura souabe. In de Sonneville-Bordes, D. (ed.), La Fin des Temps Glaciaires en Europe: chronostratigraphie et écologie des cultures du Paléolithique final, 203–14. Paris: Colloques Internationaux CNRS 271.Google Scholar
Hahn, J. 1981. Abfolge und Umwelt der jüngeren Altsteinzeit in Südwestdeutschland. Fundberichte aus Baden-Wurttemberg 6, 1–27.Google Scholar
Hahn, J. 1988. Die Geissenklösterle-Hohle im Achtal bei Blaubeuren I: Fundhorizontbildung und Besiedlung im Mittelpaläolithikum und im Aurignacian. Forschungen uber Berichten zum Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg 26.Google Scholar
Hedges, R.E.M., Housley, R.A., Pettitt, P.B., Bronk Ramsey, C. & Klinken, G.J. van. 1996. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 21. Archaeometry 38(1), 181–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedges, R.E.M., Humm, M.J., Forman, J., Klinken, G.J. van & Bronk, C.R. 1992. Developments in sample combustion to carbon dioxide, and the Oxford AMS carbon dioxide ion source system. Radiocarbon 34(3), 306–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedges, R.E.M. & Law, I.A. 1989. The radiocarbon dating of bone. Applied Geochemistry 4, 249–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedges, R.E.M., Law, I.A., Bronk, C.R. & Housley, R.A. 1989. The Oxford Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility: technical developments in routine dating. Archaeometry 31(2), 88–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedges, R.E.M. & Klinken, G.J. van. 1992. A review of current approaches in the pretreatment of bone for radiocarbon dating by AMS. Radiocarbon 34(3), 279–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holdaway, S. & Porch, N. 1995. Cyclical patterns in the Pleistocene human occupation of southwest Tasmania. Archaeology in Oceania 30, 74–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holm, J. 1996. The earliest settlement of Denmark. In Larsson, L. (ed.), 1996, 43–73.Google Scholar
Höneisen, M. & Peyer, S. 1994. Schweizersbild — ein Jägerlager der Späteiszeit. Schaffhauser Archäologie 2.Google Scholar
Housley, R.A. 1991. AMS dates from the Late Glacial and early Postglacial in NW Europe: a review. In Barton, N. et al. (eds), 1991, 25–39.Google Scholar
Jacobi, R.M. 1980. The Upper Palaeolithic of Britain with special reference to Wales. In Taylor, J.A. (ed.), Culture and Environment in Prehistoric Wales: selected essays, 15–100. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 76.Google Scholar
Jacobi, R.A. 1991. The Creswellian, Creswell and Cheddar. In Barton, N. et al. (eds), 1991, 128–40Google Scholar
Jochim, M.A. 1983. Palaeolithic cave art in ecological perspective. In Bailey, G.N. (ed.), Hunter-Gatherer Economy in Prehistory: a European perspective, 212–19. Cambridge: University Press.Google Scholar
Jochim, M.A. 1987. Late Pleistocene refugia in Europe. In Soffer, O. (ed.), The Pleistocene Old World. Regional Perspectives, 317–31. New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaulich, B. 1983. Das Paläolithikum des Kaufertsberges bei Lierheim (Gem. Appetshofen, Ldkr. Donau-Ries). Quartär 33/34, 29–97.Google Scholar
Kaulich, B., Nadler, M. & Reisch, L. 1978. Führer zu urgeschichtlichen Höhlenfundplätzen des unteren Altmühltales.Google Scholar
Kozlowski, J.K. 1985. Sur la contemporanéité des différents faciès du Magdalénien. Jahrbuch des Bernischen Historischen Museums 63–64, 211–16.Google Scholar
Kozlowski, J.K. 1989. Le Magdalénien en Pologne. In Rigaud, J-Ph. (ed.), 1989, 31–52.Google Scholar
Kozlowski, J.K. & Kozlowski, S.K. 1979. Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic in Europe: taxonomy and palaeohistory. Warsaw, Polska Akadamia Nauk, Prace Komisji, Archeologicznej 18.Google Scholar
Kozlowski, S.K., Sachse-Kozlowska, E., Marshack, A., Madeyska, T., Kierdorf, H., Lasota-Moskalewska, A., Jakubowski, G., Winiarska-Kabacinska, M., Kapica, Z. & Wiercinski, A. 1993. Maszycka Cave. A Magdalenian site in southern Poland. Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, Mainz 40, 115–252.Google Scholar
Larsson, L., (ed.). 1996. The Earliest Settlement of Scandinavia and its Relationship with Neighbouring Areas. Stockholm: Acta Archaeologica Lundensia Series IN 80 24.Google Scholar
Law, I.A. & Hedges, R.E.M. 1989. A semi-automated bone pretreatment system and the treatment of older and contaminated samples, In Long, A. & Kra, K.S. (eds), Proceedings of the 13th International 14C Conference. Radiocarbon 31(3), 247–55.Google Scholar
Leesch, , 1993, in SPM I, 1993. 153–64.Google Scholar
Lister, A., 1991. Late Glacial mammoths in Britain. In Barton, N. et al. (eds), 1991, 51–62.Google Scholar
Mandryk, C. 1993. Hunter-gatherer social costs and the nonviability of submarginal environments. Journal of Anthropological Research 49, 39–71.Google Scholar
Martin, P.S. 1973. The discovery of America. Science 179, 969–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montet-White, A. 1990. The Epigravettian site of Grabgraben, Lower Austria: the 1986 and 1987 excavations. Liege: ERAUL 40.Google Scholar
Morrison, A., & Bonsall, C. 1989. The early Post-glacial settlement of Scotland: a review, In Bonsall, C. (ed.), The Mesolithic in Europe, 134–42. Edinburgh: John Donald.Google Scholar
Musil, R. 1974. Die Tiergesellschaft der Kniegrotte. In Feustel, R. (ed.), 1974, 30–95.Google Scholar
Musil, R. 1985. Die Fauna der Magdalénien-Siedlung Oelknitz. Weimarer Monographien zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte 17.Google Scholar
Padtberg, A. 1925. Das altsteinzeitliche Lösslager bei Munzingen nach eigenen Ausgrabungen. Augsburg.Google Scholar
Pasda, C. 1994. Das Magdalenian in der Freiburger Bucht. Stuttgart: Materialhefte zur Archäologie in Baden-Württemberg 25.Google Scholar
Pettitt, P. forthcoming. Chronology of the Middle Upper Palaeolithic: the radiocarbon evidence. In Mussi, M., Roebroeks, M. W. & Svoboda, J. (eds), Hunters of the Golden Age: the Middle Upper Palaeolithic of Europe (30,000 to 20,000 BP). Leiden: Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia.Google Scholar
Rensink, E., 1993. Moving into the North: Magdalenian occupation and exploitation of the loess landscapes of northwestern Europe. Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, Rijksuniversity Leiden.Google Scholar
Rick, J. 1987. Dates as data: an examination of the Peruvian preceramic radiocarbon record. American Antiquity 52, 55–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rigaud, J. Ph. (ed.). 1989, Le Magdalénienen en Europe. Actes du Colloque de Mayence 1987, Etudes et Recherches Archéologiques de l'Université de Liège 38.Google Scholar
Scheer, A. 1993. The organization of lithic resource use during the Gravettian in Germany. In Knecht, H., Pike-Tay, A. & White, R. (eds), Before Lascaux: the complex record of the Early Upper Palaeolithic. Boca Raton: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Schmider, B. 1990. The Last Pleniglacial in the Paris basin (22500–17000 BP). In Soffer, O. & Gamble, C.S. (eds), 1990,40–53.Google Scholar
Schuler, A. 1991. Die Schussenquelle. Eine Freilandstation des Magdalénien in Oberschwaben. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Koln.Google Scholar
Sedlmeier, J. 1989. Jungpaläolithikum und Spätpaläolithikum in der Nordwestschweiz. Ein Beitrag zur regionalen Erforschung des Paldolithikum auf Grund ausgewählter Fundinventare aus Grabungen der Jahre zwischen 1910 und 1956. Unpublished undergraduate dissertation, University of Bern.Google Scholar
Soffer, O. 1985. The Upper Palaeolithic of the Central Russian Plain. Orlando: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Soffer, O. (ed.). 1987. The Pleistocene Old World. Regional Perspectives. New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soffer, O. & Gamble, C.S. 1990. The World at 18,000 BP: v.l High Latitudes, London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar
Soffer, O. & Praslov, N.D. 1993. From Kostenki to Clovis: Upper Palaeolithic Palaeo-lndian adaptations. New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SPM I. 1993. Die Schweiz vom Paldolithikum bis zutn frühen Mittelalter. Paläolithikum und Mesolithikum. Basel: Verlag Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte.Google Scholar
Straus, L.G., Altuna, J., Clark, G.A., González, M., Laville, H., Leroi-Gourhan, Arl., Menéndez, M. & Ortea, J.A. 1981. Paleoecology at La Riera (Asturias, Spain). Current Anthropology 22, 655–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Street, M. 1993. Analysis of Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic faunal assemblages in the Northern Rhineland, Germany. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Birmingham.Google Scholar
Street, M. 1995a. Andernach-Martinsberg. In Bosinski, G., Street, M. & Baales, M. (eds), The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of the Rhineland, 910–18. Munich: Quaternary Field Trips in Central Europe 15, 2. 14. INQUA-Congress Berlin.Google Scholar
Street, M. 1995b. Bonn-Oberkassel. In Bosinski, G., Street, M. & Baales, M. (eds), The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of the Rhineland, 940–1. Munich: Quaternary Field Trips in Central Europe 15, 2. 14. INQUA-Congress Berlin.Google Scholar
Street, M, Baales, M. & Weninger, B. 1994. Absolute Chronologie des späten Paläolithikums und des Frühmesolithikums im nördlichen Rhineland. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 24, 1–28.Google Scholar
Stringer, C.B. & Gamble, C.S. 1993. In search of the Neanderthals: solving the puzzle of human origins. New York: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Steele, J., Sluckin, T.J., Denholm, D.R. & Gamble, C.S. 1996, Simulating hunter-gatherer colonization of the Americas. Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 28, 226–31.Google Scholar
Steele, J., Gamble, C.S. & Sluckin, T. in press. Estimating the rate of Palaeo-lndian expansion into South America. Proceedings of the Association of Environmental Archaeologists.Google Scholar
Svezhentsev, S. 1993. Upper Palaeolithic adaptions in central and eastern Europe and man–mammoth interactions. In Soffer, O. & Praslov, N.D. (eds), 1993, 23–30.Google Scholar
Svoboda, J. 1991. Neue Erkentnisse zur Pekárna Höhle im Mährischen Karst. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 21, 39–43.Google Scholar
Svoboda, J., P̌ichystal, A., Ložek, V., Svobodová, H. and Toul, J. 1995. Kolíbky: a Magdalenian site in the Moravian Karst. Quartär 45/46.Google Scholar
Taborin, Y. 1994. Environnements et habitats Magdaléniens dans le centre du Bassin Parisien. Paris: Documents d'Archéologie Françhise 43. Maison des Sciences de l'Homme.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tonsorer, J-M le. 1986. Paléolithique et Mésolithique. In Chronologie, Datation archeologique en Suisse. Antiqua 15, 25–33.Google Scholar
Valde-Nowak, P. 1991. Studies in Pleistocene settlement in the Polish Carpathians. Antiquity 65, 593–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valde-Nowak, P., Nadachowski, A. & Wolsam, M. 1987. Upper Palaeolithic boomerang made of a mammoth tusk in southern Poland. Nature 329, 436–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wüller, B. 1992. Die chronologische Stellung des contour découpé aus dem Magdalénien — Grab von Oberkassel bei Bonn. Unpublished M.A. dissertation, University of Cologne.Google Scholar
Vang Petersen, P. & Johansen. L. 1994. Rensdyrjægere ved Sølbjerg på Lolland. Nationalsmuseet Arbejdsmark, 1994.Google Scholar
Vang Petersen, P. & Johansen, L. 1996. Tracking Late Glacial reindeer hunters in eastern Denmark. In Larsson, L. (ed.), 1996, 75–88.Google Scholar
Weißimüller, W. 1987. Eine Freilandfundstelle des mittleren Jungpälaolithikums (Périgordien-Gravettien) am Südrand der Straubinger Senke bei Salching, Ldkr. Straubing-Bogen. Quartdr 37/38, 109–34.Google Scholar
Weniger, G.-C. 1987a. Magdalenian settlement pattern and subsistence in Central Europe: the southwestern and central German cases. In Soffer, O. (ed.), 1987, 201–15.Google Scholar
Weniger, G.-C. 1987b. Magdalenian settlement and subsistence in south-west Germany. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 53, 293–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weniger, G.-C. 1990. Germany at 18 000 BP. In Soffer, O. & Gamble, C. (eds), 1990, 171–92.Google Scholar
Woodman, P.C. 1985. Prehistoric settlement and environment. In Edwards, K.J. & Warren, W.P. (eds), The Quaternary History of Ireland, 251–78. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Zvelebil, M. 1986. Mesolithic prelude and neolithic revolution. In Zvelebil, M. (ed.), Hunters in Transition, 5–15. Cambridge: University Press.Google Scholar