Note on the Transformation of Ciliated into Stratified Squamous Epithelium as a result of the Application of Friction

(abstract.)

In man, in the rabbit, and some other animals the trachea is built up of a series of cartilaginous rings incomplete behind; the rings being completed in this position by the trachealis muscle.

The mucous membrane forms a smooth cylindrical lining for the whole tube, and is covered by a ciliated epithelium.

In the cat and dog the cartilage rings completely encircle the trachea, and overlap posteriorly, and the trachealis muscle, which is well developed, is placed outside the cartilage, and has a powerful action in varying the diameter of the tube.

When this muscle contracts the overlapping ends of the cartilage ride one upon another, and the projecting ends form a vertical ridge down the inside of the trachea, which can be readily seen on slitting the organ open. This ridge is separated by a deep groove from the other end of the plate.