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Benzodiazépines et Mesures de L’attention

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2020

J.P. Mialet*
Affiliation:
61, boulevard des Invalides, 75007Paris, France
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Résumé

Les troubles de l’attention constituent l’un des effets indésirables les plus courants des benzodiazépines. Leur évaluation fait appel à des méthodes variées impliquant toutes une conduite globale qui permet mal l’analyse fine des défauts de l’attention et qui sont en régle générale incluses dans une batterie d ‘exploration large du fonctionnement cognitif et psychomoteur. Il s’agit classiquement de tests perceptifs qui consistent, en gardant en mémoire un Petit nombre de modèles, à explorer des items perceptivement ou sémantiquement proches, à la recherche de l’itemcible (les tests de barrage en représentent le prototype) ou encore de mesure de temps de réaction qui explorent la rapidité d’une réponse motrice simple en fonction de la complexité de la situation (cette dernière dépendant du nombre de stimulations et du nombre de réponses possibles). Des tests de coordination motrice, plaçant le sujet devant une tâche jugée proche de la conduite automobile, sont fréquemment adjoints. Enfin, les explorations peuvent être complétèes par le recueil d’indices physiologiques qui paraissent liés au niveau d’éveil du sytéme nerveux central: seuil de fusion critique, analyse de certains paramètres de l’EEG quantifié, voire rapidité de certains mouvements oculaires… Au travers de ces mosaïques de tests, on s’en tient en fait à une exploration en surface de l’attention qui semble ignorer les grands progrès réalisés dans ce domaine - autrefois négligé - par la psychologie actuelle. Inspirés par les données de recherches cognitives, nous exposons les différents aspects de l’attention qu’une batterie idéale devrait explorer (attention selective, attention diffuse, processus d’alerte, de préparation, de détection, de décision et d’automatisation, fatigue) et présentons brièvement les épreuves informatisées que nous avons mises au point pour parvenir à une appreciation pratique de certains de ces aspects en tenant compte de deux impératifs: commodité d’utilisation et possibilité de passations répétitives.

Summary

Summary

Attention disturbances are very frequent side effects of benzodiazepines (BZD). The various methods used to evaluate these disturbances do not allow for fine distinctions between different modes of attentional dysfunctions; they generally include a large battery of cognitive and psychomotor tests. The most common tests are perceptive tasks which consist of searching for a target among distractors (as in cancellation tasks) and measures of motor reaction time in simple or complex situations. To these common tests, investigations of coordination in simple tasks (tracking) or sometimes in highly complex tasks (simulated driving or flight) can be added. Moreover, numerous data about effects of BZD on physiological indices which seem to be linked with the level of the non specific autonomic arousal have been collected: critical flicker fusion (CFF), selected data of quantified EEG and even speed of saccadic eye movements. Employing this mosaic of tests, which seems to ignore the great advances in the field of attention made by cognitive psychology, modifications of attentional processes under BZD have only been superficially explored. In this paper, we explain that an ideal investigation of attention according to cognitive data, should enable us: 1) to distinguish between selective attention, attention span, sustained attention: 2) explore different stages of attentional processes: alertness, preparatory sel, detection and decision; 3) discriminate between two modes of attention: controlled and automatic with a special regard for the transfer from the controlled mode to the automatic one. We briefly present computerized tests that we have developed to assess - in a practical manner - some of these aspects of attention, keeping two imperatives in mind: ease of use and lack of incidence of iterative sessions.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 1988

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