Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T13:58:56.029Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Inventaires d'auto-évaluation de la psychopathologie chez l'adulte. 1re partie: inventaires multidimensionnels

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2020

PhD Pariente  and
JD Guelfi
PhD Pariente*
Affiliation:
Service hospitalo-universitaire (Pr H Lôo), Centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris Cedex et INSERM U. 169, 16, av Paul-Vaillant-Couturier, 94807Villejuif Cedex
JD Guelfi
Affiliation:
Clinique des maladies mentales et de l'encéphale (Pr Samuel-Lajeunesse), 100, rue de la Santé, 75674Paris Cedex, France
*
*Correspondance et tirés à part.
Get access

Résumé

Les inventaires d'auto-évaluation de la psychopathologie chez l'adulte ont connu un développement remarquable au cours des 2 dernières décennies, à la fois en recherche clinique et en épidémiologie; leurs avantages et leurs limitations sont considérés dans cette revue. Leur construction, leur adaptation éventuelle, l'évaluation de leurs qualités métrologiques et l'établissement de leur stabilité factorielle reposent sur des concepts mélhodologiques dont l'origine et les définitions sont brièvement rappelées. Les Hopkins Symptom Check-Lists (HSCL) et le General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) représentent actuellement les 2 grandes familles d'inventaires multidimensionnels. Parmi les différentes HSCL, la HSCL-58 est l'inventaire le plus couramment utilisé, notamment en psychopharmacologie, grâce à sa diffusion, à sa facilité d'emploi, à sa bonne validité externe et à sa structure factorielle si on se limite aux troubles anxiodépressifs non psychotiques. L'existence des 9 dimensions symptomatiques primaires de la SCL-90 est beaucoup moins bien établie, mais ce questionnaire a été utilisé pour des enquêtes épidémiologiques et des essais cliniques, globalement ou à travers certaines de ses dimensions. Plusieurs versions et plusieurs cotations du GHQ ont été produites à partir des 60 items initiaux (GHQ-30, 28, 20, 12). Ils ont fait l'objet de nombreuses études de validation, qui ont, dans l'ensemble, confirmé son intérêt. Le GHQ-28, le plus récent, produit d'analyses factorielles du GHQ-60, englobe 4 dimensions de 7 items chacune: anxiété et insomnie, dépression sévère, gêne sociale, plaintes somatiques. A partir de plusieurs exemples internationaux, le GHQ s'est avéré être un outil intéressant pour le dépistage des cas psychiatriques. En conséquence, la version française du GHQ-28 nous paraît devoir être largement diffusée.

Summary

Summary

Self-report symptom inventories for adults have undergone significant development over the last twenty years, both as regards clinical research and epidemiology. In this review, their advantages and shortcomings are considered. The composition and adaptation of questionnaires, the assessment of their metrological qualities, and their putative factor structure are based on concepts whose origin and definition have been briefly noted. The Hopkins Symptom Check-Lists (HSCL) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) currently constitute the two main types of multi-dimensional inventories. The most widely used of the HSCLs is the 58-item version (HSCL-58), especially in psychopharmacology, due to its widespread distribution, external validity, ease of administration and factorial structure as far as non-psychotic anxious-depressive patients are concerned. Regarding the SCL-90R, however the existence of nine postulated symptomatic dimensions is less well established; but eitlter in its entirely or through some of its dimensions it has been used in epidemiologic community surveys and clinical trials. Several versions and scorings of the GHQ have been provided from the original 60 items (GHQ-30, 28, 20, 12). They have resulted in many validation studies, which on the whole have confirmed its value. The most recent version, the GHQ-28, was constructed from factor analyses of the 60-item version and encompasses four dimensions, with seven items in each: anxiety and insomnia, severe depression, social dysfunction, Somatic symptoms. Through several international studies, the GHQ has proved to be an interesting tool for the screening of psychiatric cases in the community and in general practice. As a result we consider that the French version of the GHQ-28 should be made widely available.

Keywords

inventaires d'auto-évaluationHSCLGHQépidémiologieévaluation cliniquequestionnairesHSCLGHQepidemiologyclinical assessment
Type
Article original
Information
Psychiatry and Psychobiology , Volume 5 , Issue 1 , 1990 , pp. 49 - 75
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Références

Aitken, RCBSouthwell, NWilmhurst, CC (1965) Chloral betaïne : an effective hypnotic. J Clin Trials 2, 65–70Google Scholar
Aitken, RCB (1969) Measurement of feelings using visual analogue scales. Proc R Soc Med 62, 989–993Google ScholarPubMed
Alvir, JMSehooer, NRBorenstein, MTWoerner, MGKane, JM (1988) The reliability of a shortened version of the SCL-90. Psychopharmacol Bull 24, 2, 242–246Google ScholarPubMed
Angst, JDobler-Mikola, ABinder, J (1984) The Zurich Study - a prospective epidemiological study of depressive, neurotic and psychosomatic syndromes. I. Problem, methodology. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 234, 13–20CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angst, J & Dobler-Mikola, A (1986) The Zurich Study. VI. A continuum from depression to anxiety disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 235, 179–186CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armitage, P (1977) Statistical Methods in Medical Research. Blackwell Scientific Publications, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Banks, MH (1983) Validation of the General Health Questionnaire in a young community sample. Psychol Med 13, 340–353CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banks, MH (1983) Community for mental illness (letter). Br J Psychiatry 142, 427–428CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, JOxman, TGerber, P (1987) Prevalence of depression and its correlate in a general medical practice. J Affective Disord, 12, 167–174CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellantuono, CFiorio, RCortina, PZanotelli, RTansella, M (1987) Psychiatric screening in general practice in Italy : a validity study of the General Health Questionnaire. Soc Psychiatry 22, 113–117CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benjamin, SDecalmer, PHaran, D (1982) Community screening for mental illness: a validity study of the General Health Questionnaire. Br J Psychiatry 140, 174–180CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennett, AERitchie, K (1975) Questionnaires in Medicine. Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Bonis, M de (1988) Sagesse et illusions en psychopathologie quantitative. Psychol Med 20, 1757–1759Google Scholar
Bonis, M de (1989) Critique méthodologique des modèles de personnalité. Confrontations Psychiatriques 30, 313–339Google Scholar
Bridges, KWGoldberg, DP (1986) The validation of the GHQ-28 and the use of the MMSE in neurological inpatients. Br J Psychiatry 148, 548–553CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byrne, P (1984) Psychiatric morbidity in a gynaecological clinic: an epidemiological study. Br J Psychiatry 144, 28–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cattell, RB (1966) The screetest for the number of factors. J Multiev Behav Res 1, 245–276CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, DWChan, TSC (1983) Reliability, validity and the structure of the GHQ in a Chinese context. Psychol Med 13, 363–371CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cialdella, PMunoz, FMamelle, N (1989) Les limites de validité des scores dimensionnels de la Hopkins Symptom Check-List : à propos d'une analyse factorielle sur 457 femmes. Psychiatr Psychobiol 4, 211–220Google Scholar
Cleary, PDGoldberg, IDKessler, LGNycz, GR (1982) Screening for mental disorder among primary care patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39, 837–840CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corney, RM (1984) The mental and physical health of clients referred to social workers in a local authority department and a general practice attachment scheme. Psychol Med 14, 137–144CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corser, CMPhilip, AE (1978) Emotional disturbance in newly registered General Practice patients. Br J Psychiatry 132, 172–176CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Couch, AKeniston, K (1960) Yea sayers and nay sayers: agreeing response set as a personality variable. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 60, 151–174CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cronbach, LJ (1951) Coefficient α and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika 16, 297–334CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowne, DMarlowe, D (1964) The Approval Motive. J Wiley & Sons, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Cyr, JJMc, Kenna-Foley JMPeacock, E (1985) Factor structure of the SCL-90R : is there one? J Pers Assess 49, 6, 571–578CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Landscheere, G ( 1979) Dictionnaire de l'évaluation et de la recherche en éducation. PUF, ParisGoogle Scholar
Derogatis, LRLipman, RSCovi, LRickels, K (1971) Neurotic symptom dimensions as perceived by psychiatrists and patients of various social classes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 24, 454–464CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derogatis, LRSerio, JCCleary, PA (1972a) An empirical comparison of three indices of factorial similarity. Psychol Rep 30, 791–804CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derogatis, LRLipman, RSCovi, LRickels, K (1972b) Factorial invariance of symptom dimensions in anxious and depressive neuroses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 27, 659–665CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derogatis, LRLipman, RSCovi, L (1973) SCL-90, an out patient psychiatric rating scale: preliminary report. Psychopharmacol Bull 9, 1, 13–28Google Scholar
Derogatis, LRLipman, RSRickels, KUhlenhuth, EHCovi, L (1974a) The Hopkins Symptom Check-List (HSCL). A measure of primary symptom dimensions.In: Psychological Measurements in Psychopharmacology. Modern Problems in Pharmacopsychiatry. Vol 7 (Pichot, P., ed). Karger, BaselGoogle Scholar
Derogatis, LRLipman, RSRickels, KUhlenhuth, EHCovi, L (1974b) The Hopkins Symptom Check-List : a self-report symptom inventory. Behav Sci 19, 1–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derogatis, LRRickels, KRock, AF (1976) The SCL-90 and the MMPI : a step in the validation of a new selfreport scale. Br J Psychiatry 128, 280–289CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derogatis, LR (1977) SCL-90 R Administration, Scoring and Procedure Munual for the Revised Version. Clinical Psychometric Research, Baltimore (MD), USAGoogle Scholar
Derogatis, LR (1983) Misuse of the Symptom Check-List 90. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40, 1152–1153CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan-Jones, PHenderson, S (1978) The use of a two-phase design in a population survey. Soc Psychiatry 13, 231–237CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan-Jones, P (1981) The natural history of neurosis: probability models.In: What is a case? The Problem of Definition in Psychiatric Community Surveys (Wing, JKBebbington, PRobins, LN, eds). Grant Mc Intyre, London, 161–180Google Scholar
Edwards, AL (1959) Social desirability and personaiity test construction.In: Objective Approach to Personaiity (Bass, BABerg, IA, eds). Van Nostrand, New York, 101–116Google Scholar
Erdreich, LSLee, ET (1981) Use of relative operating characteristic analysis in epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 114, 649–662CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evenson, RCHolland, RAMenta, SYasin, F (1980) Factor analysis of the Symptom Check-List-90. Psychol Rep 46, 695–699CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finlay-Jones, RAMurphy, E (1979) Severity of psychiatric disorders and the 30 item GHQ. Br J Psychiatry 134, 609–616CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flaherty, JAGaviria, FMPathak, D (1988) Developing instruments for cross-cultural psychiatric research. J Nerv Ment Dis 176, 5, 257–264CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fombonne, EChehdan, FCarradec, AMAchard, SNavarro, NReis, S (1988) Le Child Behavior Check-List : un instrument pour la recherche en psychiatrie de l'enfant. Psychiatr Psychobiol 5, 3, 409–418Google Scholar
Fentanesi, FGobetti, CZimmermann-Tansella, CTansella, M (1985) Validation of the Italian version of the GHQ in a general practice setting. Psychol Med 15, 411–415CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foulds, GA (1976) The Hierarchical Nature of Personal Illness. Academic Press, LondonGoogle Scholar
Frank, JDGliedman, LHImber, SDNash, EHStone, AR (1957) Why patients leave psychotherapy? AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry 77, 283–299CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gath, DOsborn, MBungam, GIles, SDay, ABond, APassingham, C (1987) Psychiatric disorder and gynaecological symptoms in middle aged women : a community survey. Br Med J 294, 213–218CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glass, PMAllan, ATUhlenhuth, EHChase, PKBorinstein, DI (1978) Psychiatric screening in a medical clinic: an evaluation of a self-report inventory. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35, 1189–1195CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glass, PMUhlenhuth, EHKellner, R (1981) The value of self-report assessment in studies of Anxiety Disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 7, 215–221Google Scholar
Goldberg, DP (1972) The Detection of Psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire. « Maudsley Monograph » 21, Oxford University Press, LondonGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, DP (1978) Munual of the GHQ. NFER Publishing, Windsor, GBGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, DP (1981) Estimating the prevalence of psychiatric disorder front the results of a screening test.In: What is a case? The Problem of Definition in Psychiatric Community Surveys (Wing, JKBebbington, PRobins, LN, eds). Grant Mc Intyre, London, 129–136Google Scholar
Goldberg, DPBlackwell, B (1970) Psychiatric illness in a suburban general practice. A detailed study using a new method of case identification. Br Med J 2, 439–443CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, DPBridges, KW (1987) Screening for psychiatric illness in general practice : the general practitioner versus the screening questionnaire. J R Coll Gen Pract 37, 15–18Google ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, DPCooper, BEastwood, MRKedward, HBShepherd, M (1970) A standardized psychiatric interview for use in community surveys. Br J Prev Soc Med 24, 18–23Google ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, DPRickels, KDowning, R (1976a) A comparison of two psychiatric screening tests. Br J Psychiatry 129, 61–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, DPKay, CThompson, L (1976b) Psychiatric morbidity in General Practice and the community. Psychol Med 6, 565–569CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, DPHillier, JF (1979) A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychol Med 9, 139–145CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, DPHuxley, P (1980) Mental Illness in the Community. The Pathway to Psychiatric Care. Tavistock Publications, LondonGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, HLFinnerty, RJCole, JO (1974) Doxepin: is a single daily dose enough? Am J Psychiatry 131, 1027–1029CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodchild, MEDuncan-Jones, P (1985) Chronicity and the General Health Questionnaire. Br J Psychiatry 146, 55–61CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guelfi, JDBarthelet, GLancrenon, SFermanian, J (1984) Structure factorielle de la HSCL sur un échantillon de patients anxiodépressifs français. Ann Med Psychol 142, 889–898Google Scholar
Guelfi, JD (1988) Critères diagnostiques, échelles et questionnaires utilisés au cours des dépressions. Psychiatr Psychobiol 3, 63S–70SGoogle Scholar
Guy, W (1976) ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology. Revised 1976, Dhew Publication n° (ADM) 76-338. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC, USAGoogle Scholar
Hanley, JAMcNeil, BJ (1982) The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology 143, 29–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, TW (1976) Validating a method of psychiatric case identification in Jamaica. Bull WHO 54, 225–231Google ScholarPubMed
Harmann, HH (1976) Modern Factor Analysis, 3rd ed. Chicago University Press, Chicago, USAGoogle Scholar
Hathaway, SRMcKinley, JC (1943) The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Univ Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, USAGoogle Scholar
Henderson, SDuncan-Jones, PByrne, DGScott, RAdcock, S (1979) Psychiatric disorder in Canberra. A standardized study of prevalence. Acta Psychiatr Scand 60, 355–374CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henderson, SByrne, DGDuncan-Jones, P (1981) Neurosis and the Social Environment. Academic Press, Sydney, 87–125Google Scholar
Hesbacher, PTRickels, KHutchinson, ERSablosky, LWhalen, EMPhillips, FJ (1970) Setting, patient and doctor effects on drug response in neurotic patients II Differential improvement. Psychopharmacol Ser Berl 18, 209–226CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hobbs, PBallinger, CBSmith, AHW (1983) Factor analysis and validation of the General Health Questionnaire in women : a general practice survey. Br J Psychiatry 142, 257–264CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hobbs, PBallinger, CBGreenwood, CMartin, BMcLure, A (1984) Factor analysis and validation in the General Health Questionnaire in men: a general practice survey. Br J Psychiatry 144, 270–275CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffman, NGOverall, PB (1978) Factor structure of the SCL-90 in a psychiatric population. J Consult Clin Psychol 46, 1187–1191CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huppert, FAWalters, DEDay, NEElliott, BJ (1989) The Factor Structure of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30): a reliability study on 6137 Community residents. Br J Psychiatry 155, 178–185CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Israel, LKozarevic, DSartorius, N (1984) Evaluations en gérontologie. Karger, BaselGoogle Scholar
Jenicek, MCleroux, R (1982) Epidémiologie: principes, techniques, applications. Edisem, Maloine, Québec, ParisGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, R (1980) Minor psychiatric morbidity in employed men and women and its contribution to sickness absence. Psychol Med 10, 751–757CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnstone, AGoldberg, DP (1976) Psychiatric screening in general practice: a controlled study. Lancet i, 605–608CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jolifie, IT (1986) Principal Component Analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York, 92–114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaiser, HF (1958) The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analyses. Psychometrika 23, 187–200CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kass, FCharles, EKlein, DFCohen, P (1983) Discordance between the SCL-90 and therapists'psychopathology ratings. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40, 389–393CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katschnig, HBerner, WHaushofer, MBarfuss, MSeelig, P (1980) Psychiatric case identification in general practice: self-rating versus interview. Acta Psychiatr Scand 62, 164–175CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, MA (1974) A probability graph describing the predictive value of highly sensitive diagnostic test. N Engl J Med 291, 1111–1116CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koeter, MWJVan, Der Brink WOrmel, J (1989) Chrome Psychiatric Complaints and the General Health Questionnaire. Br J Psychiatry 155, 186–190CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, RRobson, KM (1984) A prospective study of emotional disorders in childbearing women. Br J Psychiatry 144, 35–47CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehmann, EL (1975) Non-Parametrics. Statistical Based on Ranks. Holden-Day Inc., San Francisco, USAGoogle Scholar
Lellouch, J (1988) Representativeness, what for? Communication to the European Symposium on Psychiatric Epidemiology, Dourdan, June 1988Google Scholar
Lemperiere, TLepine, JPRouillon, FHardy, PAdes, JLuaute, JPFerrand, I (1984) Comparaison de différents instruments d'évaluation de la dépression à l'occasion d'une étude sur l'Athymil 30. Ann Med Psychol 142, 1206–1212Google Scholar
Lipman, RSCovi, LRickels, KUhlenhuth, EHLazar, R (1968) Selected measures of change in outpatient drug evaluation; a review of progress, 1957-1967. PHS Publication n° 1836, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, USAGoogle Scholar
Lipman, RSCovi, LShapiro, AK (1977) The Hopkins Symptom Check-List (HSCL): Factors derived from the HSCL-90. Psychopharmacol Bull 13, 43–45Google Scholar
Lipman, RSCovi, LShapiro, AK (1979) The Hopkins Symptom Check-List (HSCL): Factors derived from the HSCL-90. J Affective Disord 1, 9–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lobo, APerez-Echeverria, MJArtal, J (1986) Validity of the scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) in a Spanish population. Psychol Med 16, 135–140CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, AHWakeling, AWood, KMonck, EDobbs, RSzmukler, G (1983). Screening for abnormal eating attitudes and psychiatric morbidity in an unselected population of 15-year old schoolgirls. Psychol Med 13, 573–580CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mari, JDJWilliams, P (1985) A comparison of the validity of two psychiatric screening questionnaires (GHQ-12 and SRQ-20) using Relative Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. Psychol Med 18, 651–659CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marks, JNGoldberg, DPMillier, VF (1979) Determinants of the ability of general practitioners to detect psychiatric illness. Psychol Med 9, 337–353CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattson, NBWilliams, HVRickels, KLipman, RSUhlenhuth, EH (1969) Dimensions of symptom distress in anxious neurotic outpatients. Psychopharmacol Bull 5, 19–32Google Scholar
McDowell, RNewell, C (1987) Measuring Health: A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires. Oxford University Press, 105–149Google Scholar
Medina-Mora, MEPadilla, GPCampillo-Serrano, CMas, CCEzban, MCaraveo, JCorona, J (1983) The factor structure of the GHQ: a scaled version for a hospital's general practice service in Mexico. Br J Psychiatry 13, 355–361Google ScholarPubMed
Montgomery, SA (1987) Common errors in clinical trials.In: Diagnosis and treatment of depression. «Quo Vadis?» Symposium, Sanofi group, May 11-12, Montpellier, France, 409–414Google Scholar
Montgomery, SAAsberg, M (1979) A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry 134, 382–389CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Munoz, PEVasquez, JLPastrana, ERodriguez, FOneca, C (1978) Study of the validity of Goldberg's 60-item GHQ in its Spanish version. Soc Psychiatry 13, 2, 99–104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, JMBerwick, DMWeinstein, MC (1987) Performance of screening and diagnostic tests: application of receiver operating characteristic analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44, 550–555CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newman, SCBland, RCOrn, H (1988) A comparison of methods of scoring of the General Health Questionnaire. Compr. Psychiatry 29, 4, 402–408CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nott, PNCutts, S (1982) Validation of the 30-item General Health Questionnaire in post partum women. Psychol Med 12, 409–413CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nunnally, JC (1976) Psychometric Theory. 2nd ed, MacGraw-Hill, NY, USAGoogle Scholar
Ormel, JKoeter, MWJBrink, W (1989) Concurrent validity of GHQ-28 and PSE as measures of changes. Psychol Med (in press)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orvaschel, HSholomskas, DWeissman, MN (1980) The assessment of psychopathology and behavioral problems in children : a review of scales suitable for epidemiological and clinical research. 1967–1979, NIMH, RockvilleGoogle Scholar
Pariente, PLepine, JPBoulenger, JPLemperiere, TZarifian, ELellouch, J (1989) The SCL-90R in a French General Psychiatric 708 outpatient sample: is there a factorial structure? Psychiatr Psychobiol 4, 151–157Google Scholar
Pichot, PLacassin, JDreyfus, JF (1978) Essai de prédiction des indications de la Nomifensine à partir du profil symptomatique pré-thérapeutique. Nouv Presse Med 7, 26, 2313–2316Google Scholar
Pichot, PBoyer, PPull, CBRein, WSimon, MThibault, A (1984) Un questionnaire d'auto-évaluation de la symptomatologie dépressive: le questionnaire QD2. Rev Psychol Appl 34, 3, 229–250Google Scholar
Pichot, PWidlöcher, DPull, CB (1989) Epidémiologie de l'anxiété en population générale. Psychiatr Psychobiol 257–266Google Scholar
Pinard, GTetreault, L (1974) Concerning semantic problems in psychological evaluation.In: Psychological Measurements in Psychopharmacology. Modern Problems in Pharmacopsychiatry, vol 7 (Pichot, P, ed). Karger, Basel, 8–22Google Scholar
Pinneau, SRNewhouse, A (1984) Measures of invariance and comparability in factor analysis for fixed variables. Psychometrika 29, 271–281CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prusoff, BAKlerman, GLPaykel, ES (1972) Concordance between clinical assessments and patients'self-report in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 26, 546–552CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rabins, PVBrooks, BR (1981) Emotional disturbance in multiple sclerosis patients: validity of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Psychol Med 11, 425–427CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radovanovic, ZEric, L (1983) Validity of the General Health Questionnaire in a Yugoslav student population. Psychol Med 13, 205–207CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reuchlin, M (1976) Précis de statistique. PUF, Paris, 165–174Google Scholar
Rickels, KLipman, RSPark, LCCovi, LUhlenhuth, EHMock, JE (1971) Drug, doctor warmth and clinic setting in the symptomatic response to minor tranquilizers. Psychopharmacol Ser (Berl) 20, 128–152CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rickels, KLipman, RSGarcia, CRFisher, E (1972) Evaluating clinical improvement in anxious outpatients. A comparison of normal and treated neurotic patients. Am J Psychiatry 128, 119–123CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rickels, KFeighner, JPSmith, WT (1985) Alprazolam, amitriptyline, doxepin and placebo in the treatment of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42, 134–141CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roskin, MDasberg, H (1983) On the validity of the Symptom Check-List 90 (SCL-90) : a comparison of diagnostic self-ratings in general practice patients and «normals», based on the Hebrew version. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 47, 4, 396–404Google Scholar
Rumeau-Rouquette, CBreart, GPadieu, R (1985) Méthodes en épidémiologie. Flammarion, Paris, 376–385Google Scholar
Scott, WD (1920) Do you want to know what others think of you? Am Mag November, 44–47Google Scholar
Shamasundar, CMurthy, SKPrakash, OMPrabakha, RNKrishma, DK (1986) Psychiatric morbidity in a general practice in an lndian city. Br Med J 292, 1713–1715CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shrout, PEFleiss, JL (1981) Reliability and case detection.In: What is a Case? The problem of definition in psychiatric community surveys (Wing, JKBebbington, PRobins, LN, eds). Grant Mc Intyre, London, 117–128Google Scholar
Skuse, DWilliams, P (1984) Screening for psychiatric disorder in a general practice. Psychol Med 14, 365–377CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stefansson, JGKristjansson, I (1985) Comparison of the General Health Questionnaire and the Cornell Medical Index Health Questionnaire. Acta Psychiatr Scand 72, 482–487CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steketee, GDoppelt, H (1986) Measurement of Obsessive-Compulsive symptomatology : utility of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist. Psychol Res 19, 135–145Google ScholarPubMed
Surtees, PG (1987) Psychiatric disorder and the General Health Questionnaire. Br J Psychiatry 150, 828–835CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarnopolovsky, AHand, DJMcLean, EKRoberts, HWiggins, RD (1979) Validity and uses of a screening questionnaire (GHQ) in the community. Br J Psychiatry 134, 508–515CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tennant, C (1977) The General Health Questionnaire: a valid index of psychological impairment in Australian populations. Med J Aust 2, 392–394CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tennant, CHurry, JBebbington, P (1981) The short-term outcome of neurotic disorders in the community: demographic and clinical predictors of remission. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 15, 111–116CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uhlenhuth, EHLipman, RSChassan, JBHines, LRMcNair, DM (1970) Methodological issues in evaluating the effectiveness of agents for treating anxious patients.In: Principles and Problems in Establishing the Efficacy of Psychotropic Agents (Levine, JSchiele, BBouthilet, L, eds). US Public Health Service, 2138, Washington DC, USAGoogle Scholar
Uhlenhuth, EHBalter, MBMellinger, GDCisin, IHClinthorne, J (1983) Symptom check-list syndromes in the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40, 1167–1173CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van, Riezen HSegal, M (1988) Comparative Evaluation of Rating Scales for Clinical Psychopharmacology, Elsevier, AmsterdamGoogle Scholar
Van, Korff MShapiro, SBurke, JDTeitlebaum, MSkinner, EAGerman, PTurner, RWKlein, LBurns, B (1987) Anxiety and Depression in a Primary Care Clinic. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44, 152–156Google Scholar
Vazquez-Barquero, JLPadierna, Acero JAPena, Martin COchoteco, A (1985) The psychiatric correlates of coronary pathology: validity of the General Health Questionnnaire (GHQ-60) as a screening instrument. Psychol Med 15, 589–596CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vazquez-Barquero, JLDiez-Manrique, JFPena, CQuintanal, RGLabrador, Lopez M (1986) Two-stage design in a community survey. Br J Psychiatry 149, 88–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waskow, IEParloff, MB (1975) Psychotherapy change measures (Dhew Publication n° (ADM) 74-120), US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, USAGoogle Scholar
Weissman, MSholomskas, DPottenger, MPrusoff, BALocke, BZ (1977) Assessing depressive symptoms in five psychiatric populations: a validation study. Am J Epidemiol 106, 203–214CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wider, A (1948) Cornell Index Manual. The Psychological Corporation, New York, USAGoogle Scholar
Widlöcher, D (1981) L'échelle de ralentissement dépressif: fondements théoriques et premières applications. Psychol Med 13, 53–60Google Scholar
Williams, HVLipman, RSRickels, KCovi, LUhlenhuth, EHMattson, NB (1968) Replication of symptom distress factors in anxious neurotic outpatients. Multivar Behav Res 3, 199–212CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, P (1983) Community for mental illness (letter). Br J Psychiatry 142, 310CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, JHTaylor, PJRobertson, G (1985) The validity of the SCL-90 in a sample of British men remanded to prison for psychiatric reports. Br J Psychiatry 147, 400–403CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wing, JK (1976) A technique for studying psychiatric morbidity in in-patient and out-patient series and in general population samples. Psychol Med 6, 665–671CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wing, JKCooper, JESartorius, N (1974) The Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, GBGoogle Scholar
Worsley, AGribbin, CC (1977) A factor analytic study of the twelve-item version of the General Health Questionnaire. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 11, 269–272CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, WY (1986) Trial use of the self-report symptom inventory in the evaluation of neurosis. Chung-Hua Shen Ching Ching Shen K'O Tsa Chih 19, 5, 291–293Google ScholarPubMed
Zealley, AKAitken, RGB (1969) Measurement of mood. Proc R Soc Med 62, 993–996Google ScholarPubMed

A correction has been issued for this article:

Erratum

Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.