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Defining the neuroanatomic basis of motor coordination in children and its relationship with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 June 2016

P. Shaw ,
D. Weingart ,
T. Bonner ,
B. Watson ,
M. T. M. Park ,
W. Sharp ,
J. P. Lerch  and
M. M. Chakravarty
P. Shaw*
Affiliation:
Section on Neurobehavioral Clinical Research, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
D. Weingart
Affiliation:
Section on Neurobehavioral Clinical Research, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
T. Bonner
Affiliation:
Section on Neurobehavioral Clinical Research, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
B. Watson
Affiliation:
Section on Neurobehavioral Clinical Research, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
M. T. M. Park
Affiliation:
Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
W. Sharp
Affiliation:
Section on Neurobehavioral Clinical Research, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
J. P. Lerch
Affiliation:
Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
M. M. Chakravarty
Affiliation:
Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
*
*Address for correspondence: P. Shaw, Section on Neurobehavioral Clinical Research, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 31, B1 B37, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. (Email: shawp@mail.nih.gov)
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Abstract

Background

When children have marked problems with motor coordination, they often have problems with attention and impulse control. Here, we map the neuroanatomic substrate of motor coordination in childhood and ask whether this substrate differs in the presence of concurrent symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Method

Participants were 226 children. All completed Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5)-based assessment of ADHD symptoms and standardized tests of motor coordination skills assessing aiming/catching, manual dexterity and balance. Symptoms of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) were determined using parental questionnaires. Using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance data, four latent neuroanatomic variables (for the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia and thalamus) were extracted and mapped onto each motor coordination skill using partial least squares pathway modeling.

Results

The motor coordination skill of aiming/catching was significantly linked to latent variables for both the cerebral cortex (t = 4.31, p < 0.0001) and the cerebellum (t = 2.31, p = 0.02). This effect was driven by the premotor/motor cortical regions and the superior cerebellar lobules. These links were not moderated by the severity of symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. In categorical analyses, the DCD group showed atypical reduction in the volumes of these regions. However, the group with DCD alone did not differ significantly from those with DCD and co-morbid ADHD.

Conclusions

The superior cerebellar lobules and the premotor/motor cortex emerged as pivotal neural substrates of motor coordination in children. The dimensions of these motor coordination regions did not differ significantly between those who had DCD, with or without co-morbid ADHD.

Keywords

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderbrain imagingcerebellumcortexmotor coordination
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 46 , Issue 11 , August 2016 , pp. 2363 - 2373
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

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