Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T09:25:03.977Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies of cognition in bipolar disorder: comparison with healthy controls and schizophrenia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 June 2017

E. Bora  and
A. Özerdem
E. Bora*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, Australia
A. Özerdem
Affiliation:
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Health Sciences Institute, Izmir, Turkey
*
*Address for correspondence: Dr E. Bora, Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, Psikiyatri Anabilimdali, Mithatpaşa cad. no 1606 inciraltı yerleşkesi 35340 Balçova/İzmir, Turkey. (Email: emre.bora@deu.edu.tr, ibora@unimelb.edu.au)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Bipolar disorder (BP) is associated with significant cognitive impairment. Recent evidence suggests that cognitive deficits are already evident after first-episode mania. However, it is not clear whether BP is associated with further decline in cognitive functions in individuals with established illness. Aim of this meta-analytic review was to examine longitudinal neurocognitive changes in BP and to compare trajectory of cognitive deficits in BP with schizophrenia and healthy controls.

Methods

Electronic databases were searched for the studies published between January 1987 and November 2016. In total 22 reports were included in the current meta-analysis. The main analysis assessed the longitudinal change in cognition in 643 patients with BP. Further analyses were conducted in studies investigating cognitive changes in BP along with healthy controls (459 BP and 367 healthy controls) and schizophrenia (172 BP and 168 schizophrenia).

Results

There was no cognitive decline overtime neither in short-term (mean duration = 1.5 years) nor in long-term (mean duration = 5.5 years) follow-up studies in BP. In contrast, there was evidence for modest improvements in task performance in memory and working memory at follow-up. The trajectory of cognitive functioning in BP was not significantly different from changes in schizophrenia and healthy controls.

Conclusions

Together with the findings in early BP and individuals at genetic risk for BP, current findings suggest that neurodevelopmental factors might play a significant role in cognitive deficits in BP and do not support the notion of progressive cognitive decline in most patients with BP.

Keywords

Bipolar disordercognitionlongitudinalmaniaschizophrenia
Type
Review Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 47 , Issue 16 , December 2017 , pp. 2753 - 2766
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arts, B, Jabben, N, Krabbendam, L, van Os, J (2008). Meta-analyses of cognitive functioning in euthymic bipolar patients and their first-degree relatives. Psychological Medicine 38, 771–785.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arts, B, Jabben, N, Krabbendam, L, van Os, J (2011). A 2-year naturalistic study on cognitive functioning in bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 123, 190–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balanzá-Martínez, V, Crespo-Facorro, B, González-Pinto, A, Vieta, E (2015). Bipolar disorder comorbid with alcohol use disorder: focus on neurocognitive correlates. Frontiers Physiology 6, 108.Google ScholarPubMed
Balanzá-Martínez, V, Selva, G, Martínez-Arán, A, Prickaerts, J, Salazar, J, González-Pinto, A, Vieta, E, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R (2010). Neurocognition in bipolar disorders – a closer look at comorbidities and medications. European Journal of Pharmacology 626, 87–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balanzá-Martínez, V, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Selva-Vera, G, Martínez-Arán, A, Torrent, C, Salazar-Fraile, J, Leal-Cercós, C, Vieta, E, Gómez-Beneyto, M (2005). Persistent cognitive dysfunctions in bipolar I disorder and schizophrenic patients: a 3-year follow-up study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 74, 113–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bombin, I, Mayoral, M, Castro-Fornieles, J, Gonzalez-Pinto, A, de la Serna, E, Rapado-Castro, M, Barbeito, S, Parellada, M, Baeza, I, Graell, M, Payá, B, Arango, C (2013). Neuropsychological evidence for abnormal neurodevelopment associated with early-onset psychoses. Psychological Medicine 43, 757–768.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonner-Jackson, A, Grossman, LS, Harrow, M, Rosen, C (2010). Neurocognition in schizophrenia: a 20-year multi-follow-up of the course of processing speed and stored knowledge. Comprehensive Psychiatry 51, 471–479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bora, E (2015 a). Neurodevelopmental origin of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 45, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bora, E (2015 b). Developmental trajectory of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: comparison with schizophrenia. European Neuropsychopharmacology 25, 158–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bora, E (2016). Differences in cognitive impairment between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: considering the role of heterogeneity. Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 70, 424–433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bora, E, Akdede, BB, Alptekin, K (2017). The relationship between cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine 47, 1030–1040.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bora, E, Bartholomeusz, C, Pantelis, C (2016 a). Meta-analysis of Theory of Mind (ToM) impairment in bipolar disorder. Psychological Medicine 46, 253–264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bora, E, Hıdıroğlu, C, Özerdem, A, Kaçar, ÖF, Sarısoy, G, Civil Arslan, F, Aydemir, Ö, Cubukcuoglu Tas, Z, Vahip, S, Atalay, A, Atasoy, N, Ateşci, F, Tümkaya, S (2016 b). Executive dysfunction and cognitive subgroups in a large sample of euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology 26, 1338–1347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bora, E, Murray, RM (2014). Meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in ultra-high risk to psychosis and first-episode psychosis: do the cognitive deficits progress over, or after, the onset of psychosis? Schizophrenia Bulletin 40, 744–755.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bora, E, Pantelis, C (2015). Meta-analysis of cognitive impairment in first-episode bipolar disorder: comparison with first-episode schizophrenia and healthy controls. Schizophrenia Bulletin 41, 1095–1104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bora, E, Vahip, S (2011). Domains of cognitive functioning in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders 13(SI 1), 31.Google Scholar
Bora, E, Veznedaroğlu, B, Vahip, S (2016 c). Theory of mind and executive functions in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a cross-diagnostic latent class analysis for identification of neuropsychological subtypes. Schizophrenia Research 176, 500–505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bora, E, Yucel, M, Pantelis, C (2009 a). Cognitive endophenotypes of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of neuropsychological deficits in euthymic patients and their first-degree relatives. Journal of Affective Disorders 113, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bora, E, Yucel, M, Pantelis, C (2009 b). Cognitive functioning in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and affective psychoses: meta-analytic study. British Journal of Psychiatry 195, 475–482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braw, Y, Erez, G, Sela, T, Gvirts, HZ, Hare, EV, Bloch, Y, Levkovitz, Y (2013). A longitudinal study of cognition in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic bipolar disorder patients. Psychiatry Research 210, 842–849.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burdick, KE, Goldberg, JF, Harrow, M, Faull, RN, Malhotra, AK (2006). Neurocognition as a stable endophenotype in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 194, 255–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burdick, KE, Russo, M, Frangou, S, Mahon, K, Braga, RJ, Shanahan, M, Malhotra, AK (2014). Empirical evidence for discrete neurocognitive subgroups in bipolar disorder: clinical implications. Psychological Medicine 44, 3083–3096.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cardenas, SA, Kassem, L, Brotman, MA, Leibenluft, E, McMahon, FJ (2016). Neurocognitive functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder and unaffected relatives: a review of the literature. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Review 69, 193–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cardoso, T, Bauer, IE, Meyer, TD, Kapczinski, F, Soares, JC (2015). Neuroprogression and cognitive functioning in bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Current Psychiatry Rep 17, 75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clementz, BA, Sweeney, JA, Hamm, JP, Ivleva, EI, Ethridge, LE, Pearlson, GD, Keshavan, MS, Tamminga, CA (2016). Identification of distinct psychosis biotypes using brain-based biomarkers. American Journal of Psychiatry 173, 373–384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craddock, N, Owen, MJ (2010). The Kraepelinian dichotomy – going, going… but still not gone. British Journal of Psychiatry 196, 92–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daglas, R, Allott, K, Yücel, M, Pantelis, C, Macneil, CA, Berk, M, Cotton, SM (2015). The trajectory of cognitive functioning following first episode mania: a 12-month follow-up study. Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 50, 1186–1197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delaloye, C, Moy, G, de Bilbao, F, Weber, K, Baudois, S, Haller, S, Xekardaki, A, Canuto, A, Giardini, U, Lövblad, KO, Gold, G, Giannakopoulos, P (2011). Longitudinal analysis of cognitive performances and structural brain changes in late-life bipolar disorder. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 26, 1309–1318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demjaha, A, MacCabe, JH, Murray, RM (2012). How genes and environmental factors determine the different neurodevelopmental trajectories of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38, 209–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Depp, CA, Savla, GN, Moore, DJ, Palmer, BW, Stricker, JL, Lebowitz, BD, Jeste, DV (2008). Short-term course of neuropsychological abilities in middle-aged and older adults with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders 10, 684–690.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickinson, D, Harvey, PD (2009). Systemic hypotheses for generalized cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: a new take on an old problem. Schizophrenia Bulletin 35, 403–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, AE, Wozniak, J, Wilens, TE, Henin, A, Seidman, LJ, Petty, C, Fried, R, Gross, LM, Faraone, SV, Biederman, J (2009). Neurocognitive impairment in unaffected siblings of youth with bipolar disorder. Psychological Medicine 39, 1253–1263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engelsmann, F, Katz, J, Ghadirian, AM, Schachter, D (1988). Lithium and memory: a long-term follow-up study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 8, 207–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flowers, SA, Ryan, KA, Lai, Z, McInnis, MG, Ellingrod, VL (2016). Interaction between COMT rs5993883 and second generation antipsychotics is linked to decreases in verbal cognition and cognitive control in bipolar disorder. BMC Psychology 4, 14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fornito, A, Malhi, GS, Lagopoulos, J, Ivanovski, B, Wood, SJ, Saling, MM, Pantelis, C, Yücel, M (2008). Anatomical abnormalities of the anterior cingulate and paracingulate cortex in patients with bipolar I disorder. Psychiatry Research 162, 123–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freedman, D, Brown, AS, Shen, L, Schaefer, CA (2015). Perinatal oxytocin increases the risk of offspring bipolar disorder and childhood cognitive impairment. Journal of Affective Disorders 173, 65–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gatt, JM, Burton, KL, Williams, LM, Schofield, PR (2015). Specific and common genes implicated across major mental disorders: a review of meta-analysis studies. Journal of Psychiatry Research 60, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gildengers, AG, Chisholm, D, Butters, MA, Anderson, SJ, Begley, A, Holm, M, Rogers, JC, Reynolds, CF III, Mulsant, BH (2013). Two-year course of cognitive function and instrumental activities of daily living in older adults with bipolar disorder: evidence for neuroprogression? Psychological Medicine 43, 801–811.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodwin, GM, Martinez-Aran, A, Glahn, DC, Vieta, E (2008). Cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: neurodevelopment or neurodegeneration? An ECNP expert meeting report. European Neuropsychopharmacology 18, 787–793.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heilbronner, U, Samara, M, Leucht, S, Falkai, P, Schulze, TG (2016). The longitudinal course of schizophrenia across the lifespan: clinical, cognitive, and neurobiological aspects. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 24, 118–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hellvin, T, Sundet, K, Simonsen, C, Aminoff, SR, Lagerberg, TV, Andreassen, OA, Melle, I (2012). Neurocognitive functioning in patients recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders 14, 227–238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hubenak, J, Tuma, I, Bazant, J (2015). Association of arterial hypertension and cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar disorder. Neuroendocrinol Letters 36, 294–300.Google ScholarPubMed
Jensen, AR (2002). Psychometric g: definition and substantiation. In The General Factor of Intelligence (ed. Sternberg, R. J., Grigorenko, E. L.), pp. 39–52. Lawrence Earlbaum: Mahwah, NJ.Google Scholar
Kahn, RS, Keefe, RSE (2013). Schizophrenia is a cognitive disorder. Time for change for focus. JAMA. Psychiatry 70, 1107–1112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klimes-Dougan, B, Ronsaville, D, Wiggs, EA, Martinez, PE (2006). Neuropsychological functioning in adolescent children of mothers with a history of bipolar or major depressive disorders. Biological Psychiatry 60, 957–965.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kozicky, JM, Torres, IJ, Silveira, LE, Bond, DJ, Lam, RW, Yatham, LN (2014). Cognitive change in the year after a first manic episode: association between clinical outcome and cognitive performance early in the course of bipolar I disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 75, e587–e593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krabbendam, L, Arts, B, van Os, J, Aleman, A (2005). Cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a quantitative review. Schizophrenia Research 80, 137–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumar, CTS, Frangou, S (2010). Clinical implications of cognitive function in bipolar disorder. Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease 1, 85–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leany, BD (2010). A Longitudinal Study of Neurocognitive Deficits and Functional Outcome in Bipolar Disorder. UNLV Theses/Dissertations/Professional Papers/Capstones; Paper 835.Google Scholar
Lee, RS, Hermens, DF, Naismith, SL, Lagopoulos, J, Jones, A, Scott, J, Chitty, KM, White, D, Robillard, R, Scott, EM, Hickie, IB (2015). Neuropsychological and functional outcomes in recent-onset major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: a longitudinal cohort study. Translational Psychiatry 5, e555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, RS, Hermens, DF, Scott, J, Redoblado-Hodge, MA, Naismith, SL, Lagopoulos, J, Griffiths, KR, Porter, MA, Hickie, IB (2014). A meta-analysis of neuropsychological functioning in first-episode bipolar disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research 57, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lera-Miguel, S, Andrés-Perpiñá, S, Fatjó-Vilas, M, Fañanás, L, Lázaro, L (2015). Two-year follow-up of treated adolescents with early-onset bipolar disorder: changes in neurocognition. Journal of Affective Disorders 172, 48–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewandowski, KE, Sperry, SH, Cohen, BM, Ongür, D (2014). Cognitive variability in psychotic disorders: a cross-diagnostic cluster analysis. Psychological Medicine 44, 3239–3248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
López-Jaramillo, C, Lopera-Vásquez, J, Gallo, A, Ospina-Duque, J, Bell, V, Torrent, C, Martínez-Arán, A, Vieta, E (2010). Effects of recurrence on the cognitive performance of patients with bipolar I disorder: implications for relapse prevention and treatment adherence. Bipolar Disorders 12, 557–567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martino, DJ, Samamé, C, Strejilevich, SA (2016). Stability of facial emotion recognition performance in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Research 243, 182–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McIntosh, AM, Moorhead, TW, McKirdy, J, Hall, J, Sussmann, JE, Stanfield, AC, Harris, JM, Johnstone, EC, Lawrie, SM (2009). Prefrontal gyral folding and its cognitive correlates in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 119, 192–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moher, D, Liberati, A, Tetzlaff, J, Altman, DG (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. British Medical Journal 339, b2535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moorhead, TW, McKirdy, J, Sussmann, JE, Hall, J, Lawrie, SM, Johnstone, EC, McIntosh, AM (2007). Progressive gray matter loss in patients with bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry 62, 894–900.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mora, E, Portella, MJ, Forcada, I, Vieta, E, Mur, M (2013). Persistence of cognitive impairment and its negative impact on psychosocial functioning in lithium-treated, euthymic bipolar patients: a 6-year follow-up study. Psychological Medicine 43, 1187–1196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mur, M, Portella, MJ, Martínez-Arán, A, Pifarré, J, Vieta, E (2008). Long-term stability of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: a 2-year follow-up study of lithium-treated euthymic bipolar patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 69, 712–719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, RM, Lewis, SW (1987). Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder? British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) 295, 681–682.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, RM, Sham, P, Van Os, J, Zanelli, J, Cannon, M, McDonald, C (2004). A developmental model for similarities and dissimilarities between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Research 71, 405–416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naiberg, MR, Newton, DF, Collins, JE, Dickstein, DP, Bowie, CR, Goldstein, BI (2016). Elevated triglycerides are associated with decreased executive function among adolescents with bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 134, 241–248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Papmeyer, M, Sussmann, JE, Hall, J, McKirdy, J, Peel, A, Macdonald, A, Lawrie, SM, Whalley, HC, McIntosh, AM (2015). Neurocognition in individuals at high familial risk of mood disorders with or without subsequent onset of depression. Psychological Medicine 45, 3317–3327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parboosing, R, Bao, Y, Shen, L, Schaefer, CA, Brown, AS (2013). Gestational influenza and bipolar disorder in adult offspring. JAMA Psychiatry 70, 677–685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Passos, IC, Mwangi, B, Vieta, E, Berk, M, Kapczinski, F (2016). Areas of controversy in neuroprogression in bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 134, 91–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pavuluri, MN, West, A, Hill, SK, Jindal, K, Sweeney, JA (2009). Neurocognitive function in pediatric bipolar disorder: 3-year follow-up shows cognitive development lagging behind healthy youths. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry 48, 299–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rund, BR (1998). A review of longitudinal studies of cognitive functions in schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin 24, 425–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryan, KA, Assari, S, Pester, BD, Hinrichs, K, Angers, K, Baker, A, Marshall, DF, Stringer, D, Saunders, EF, Kamali, M, McInnis, MG, Langenecker, SA (2016). Similar trajectory of executive functioning performance over 5 years among individuals with bipolar disorder and unaffected controls using latent growth modeling. Journal of Affective Disorders 199, 87–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Samamé, C, Martino, DJ, Strejilevich, SA (2014). Longitudinal course of cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder: a meta-analytic study. Journal of Affective Disorders 164, 130–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santos, JL, Aparicio, A, Bagney, A, Sánchez-Morla, EM, Rodríguez-Jiménez, R, Mateo, J, Jiménez-Arriero, MÁ (2014). A five-year follow-up study of neurocognitive functioning in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders 16, 722–731.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schouws, SN, Comijs, HC, Dols, A, Beekman, AT, Stek, ML (2016). Five-year follow-up of cognitive impairment in older adults with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders 18,148–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schouws, SN, Stek, ML, Comijs, HC, Dols, A, Beekman, AT (2012). Cognitive decline in elderly bipolar disorder patients: a follow-up study. Bipolar Disorders 14, 749–755.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sivkov, S, Akabaliev, V, Mantarkov, M, Ahmed-Popova, F, Akabalieva, K (2013). Discriminating value of total minor physical anomaly score on the Waldrop scale between patients with bipolar I disorder and normal controls. Psychiatry Research 210, 451–456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steen, NE, Aas, M, Simonsen, C, Dieset, I, Tesli, M, Nerhus, M, Gardsjord, E, Mørch, R, Agartz, I, Melle, I, Ueland, T, Spigset, O, Andreassen, OA (2016). Serum levels of second-generation antipsychotics are associated with cognitive function in psychotic disorders. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry (in press). http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2016.1245441 Google ScholarPubMed
Szöke, A, Trandafir, A, Dupont, ME, Méary, A, Schürhoff, F, Leboyer, M (2008). Longitudinal studies of cognition in schizophrenia: meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry 192, 248–257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Balanzá-Martínez, V, Sánchez-Moreno, J, Martinez-Aran, A, Salazar-Fraile, J, Selva-Vera, G, Rubio, C, Mata, I, Gómez-Beneyto, M, Vieta, E (2008). Neurocognitive and clinical predictors of functional outcome in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder at one-year follow-up. Journal of Affective Disorders 109, 286–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torrent, C, Martinez-Arán, A, del Mar Bonnin, C, Reinares, M, Daban, C, Solé, B, Rosa, AR, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Popovic, D, Salamero, M, Vieta, E (2012). Long-term outcome of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 73, e899–e905.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torres, IJ, Kozicky, J, Popuri, S, Bond, DJ, Honer, WG, Lam, RW, Yatham, LN (2014). 12-month longitudinal cognitive functioning in patients recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders 16, 159–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vancampfort, D, Vansteelandt, K, Correll, CU, Mitchell, AJ, De Herdt, A, Sienaert, P, Probst, M, De Hert, M (2013). Metabolic syndrome and metabolic abnormalities in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of prevalence rates and moderators. American Journal of Psychiatry 170, 265–274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viechtbauer, W (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software 36, 1–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vonk, R, van der Schot, AC, van Baal, GC, van Oel, CJ, Nolen, WA, Kahn, RS (2014). Dermatoglyphics in relation to brain volumes in twins concordant and discordant for bipolar disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology 24, 1885–1895.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallace, BC, Dahabreh, IJ, Trikalinos, TA, Lau, J, Trow, P, Schmid, CH (2012). Closing the gap between methodologists and end-users: R as a computational back-end. Journal of Statistical Software 49, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinberger, DR (1986). The pathogenesis of schizophrenia: a neurodevelopmental theory. In The Neurology of Schizophrenia (ed. Nasrallah, R. A. and Weinberger, D. R.), pp. 387–405. Elsevier: Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Yucel, K, McKinnon, MC, Taylor, VH, Macdonald, K, Alda, M, Young, LT, MacQueen, GM (2007). Bilateral hippocampal volume increases after long-term lithium treatment in patients with bipolar disorder: a longitudinal MRI study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 195, 357–367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Bora and Özerdem supplementary material

Bora and Özerdem supplementary material

Download Bora and Özerdem supplementary material(File)
File 63.3 KB