Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T05:36:31.514Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The aetiology of anorexia nervosa1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Editorials
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1983

References

REFERENCES

Askevold, F. & Heiberg, A. (1979). Anorexia nervosa: two cases in discordant MZ twins. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 32, 223228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, J. C. & Brøchner-Mortenson, K. (1954). Observations on the prognosis in anorexia nervosa. Acta Medica Scandinavica 149, 409430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bemis, K. M. (1978). Current approaches to the etiology and treatment of anorexia nervosa. Psychological Bulletin 85, 593617.Google Scholar
Bentovim, D. I., Marilov, V. & Crisp, A. H. (1979). Personality and mental state (PSE) with anorexia nervosa. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 23, 321325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beumont, P. J. V., Beardwood, C. J. & Russell, G. F. M. (1972). The occurrence of anorexia nervosa in male subjects. Psychological Medicine 2, 216231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beumont, P. J. V., Abraham, S. F. & Simson, K. G. (1981). The psychosexual histories of adolescent girls and young women with anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine 11, 477484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boskind-Lodahl, M. (1976). Cinderella's stepsisters: a feminist perspective on anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2, 342356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyar, R. N., Katz, J., Finkelstein, J. W., Kapen, S., Weiner, H., Weitzman, E. D. & Hellman, L. (1974). Anorexia nervosa: immaturity of the 24 hour luteinizing hormone secretory pattern. New England Journal of Medicine 291, 861865.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Branch, C. H. H. & Eurman, L. K. (1980). Social attitudes toward patients with anorexia nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry 137, 632633.Google ScholarPubMed
Brown, W. L. (1931). Anorexia nervosa. In Anorexia Nervosa (ed. Brown, W. L.), pp. 1118. C. W. Daniels: London.Google Scholar
Bruch, H. (1962). Perceptual and conceptual disturbances in anorexia nervosa. Psychosomatic Medicine 24, 187194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruch, H. (1970). Psychotherapy in primary anorexia nervosa. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 150, 5167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruch, H. (1973). Eating Disorders. Basic Books: New York.Google Scholar
Bruch, H. (1977). Psychological antecedents of anorexia nervosa. In Anorexia Nervosa (ed. Vigersky, R. A.), pp. 110. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Buhrich, N. (1981). Frequency of presentation of anorexia in Malaysia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 15, 153155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calden, G., Lundy, R. M. & Schlafer, R. J. (1959). Sex differences in body concepts. Journal of Consulting Psychiatry 23, 378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cantwell, D. P., Sturzenberger, S., Borroughs, J., Salkin, B. & Green, J. K. (1977). Anorexia nervosa – an affective disorder? Archives of General Psychiatry 34, 10871093.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carroll, B. J. (1982). The dexamethasone suppression test for melancholia. British Journal of Psychiatry 140, 292304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charcot, J. M. (1889). Disorders of the Nervous System. New Sydenham Society: London.Google Scholar
Cobb, S. (1950). Emotions and Clinical Medicine. Norton: New York.Google Scholar
Crisp, A. H. (1967). Anorexia nervosa. Hospital Medicine 1, 713718.Google Scholar
Crisp, A. H. (1970). Anorexia nervosa: feeding disorder, nervosa malnutrition or weight phobia? World Review of Nutrition and Diet 12, 452504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crisp, A. H. (1977). Diagnosis and outcome of anorexia nervosa. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 70, 464470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crisp, A. H. & Stonehill, E. (1971). Relation between aspects of nutritional disturbance and menstrual activity in primary anorexia nervosa. British Medical Journal iii, 149151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crisp, A. H. & Toms, D. A. (1972). Primary anorexia nervosa or weight phobia in the male. British Medical Journal i, 334338.Google Scholar
Crisp, A. H., Harding, B. & McGuinness, B. (1974). Anorexia nervosa: psychoneurotic characteristics of parents: relationship to prognosis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 18, 167173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crisp, A. H., Palmer, R. L. & Kalucy, R. S. (1976). How common is anorexia nervosa? A prevalence study. British Journal of Psychiatry 128, 549554.Google Scholar
Crisp, A. H., Jones, M. G. & Slater, P. (1978). The Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire, a validity study. British Journal of Medical Psychology 51, 269280.Google Scholar
Crisp, A. H., Hsu, L. K. G., Harding, B. & Hartshorn, J. (1980). Clinical features of anorexia nervosa. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 24, 179191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crookshank, F. G. (1931). Anorexia nervosa. In Anorexia Nervosa (ed. Brown, W. L.), pp. 1940. C. W. Daniel: London.Google Scholar
Dally, P. (1969). Anorexia Nervosa. Heinemann, London.Google Scholar
Druss, R. G. & Silverman, J. A. (1979). Body image and perfectionism of ballerinas. General Hospital Psychiatry 2, 115121.Google Scholar
Duddle, M. (1973). An increase of anorexia nervosa in a university population. British Journal of Psychiatry 123, 711712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckert, E. D., Goldberg, S. C., Halmi, K. A., Casper, R. C. & Davis, J. M. (1982). Depression in anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine 12, 115122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feinberg, M., Gillin, J. C., Carroll, B. J., Greden, J. F. & Zis, A. P. (1982). EEG studies of sleep in the diagnosis of depression. Biological Psychiatry 17, 305316.Google Scholar
Foster, F. G. & Kupfer, D. J. (1975). Anorexia nervosa: telemetric assessment of family interactions and hospital events. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 12, 1935.Google Scholar
Frisch, R. E. (1972). Weight in menarche. Pediatrics 50, 445450.Google Scholar
Frisch, R. E. (1977). Food intake, fatness and reproductive ability. In Anorexia Nervosa (ed. Vigersky, R. A.), pp. 149162. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Frisch, R. E. & McArthur, J. W. (1974). Menstrual cycles: fatness as a determinant of minimum weight for the height necessary for their maintenance or onset. Science 185, 949951.Google Scholar
Frisch, R. E., Wyshak, G. & Vincent, L. (1980). Delayed menarche and amenorrhea in ballet dancers. New England Journal of Medicine 303, 1719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garner, D. M. & Garfinkel, P. E. (1980). Social cultural factors in the development of anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine 10, 647656.Google Scholar
Garner, D. M., Garfinkel, P. E., Schwartz, D. & Thompson, M. (1980). Cultural expectations of thinness in women. Psychological Reports 47, 483491.Google Scholar
Gerner, R. H. & Gwirstman, H. E. (1981). Abnormalities of dexamethasone suppression test and urinary MHPG in anorexia nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry 138, 650653.Google ScholarPubMed
Goldblatt, P. B., Moore, M. E. & Stunkard, A. J. (1965). Social factors in obesity. Journal of the American Medical Association 192, 97102.Google Scholar
Groen, J. J. & Feldman-Toledano, Z. (1966). Educative treatment of patients and parents in anorexia nervosa. British Journal of Psychiatry 112, 671681.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gross, H. A., Lake, C. R., Ebert, M. H., Hegler, M. G. & Kopin, I. J. (1979). Catecholamine metabolism in primary anorexia nervosa. Journal of Clinical Endocrinological Metabolism 49, 805809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gull, Sir W. (1874). Anorexia nervosa (apepsia hysterica, anorexia hysterica). Transactions of the Clinical Society, London 7, 2228.Google Scholar
Halmi, K. A. (1974). Anorexia nervosa: demographic and clinical features in 94 cases. Psychosomatic Medicine 36, 1826.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halmi, K. A., Goldberg, S. C., Eckert, E., Casper, R. & Davis, J. M. (1977). Pretreatment evaluation in anorexia nervosa. In Anorexia Nervosa (ed. Vigersky, R. A.), pp. 4354. Raven Press: New York.Google ScholarPubMed
Halmi, K. A., Dekirmenjian, H., Davis, J. M., Casper, R. & Goldberg, S. C. (1978 a). Catecholamine metabolism in anorexia nervosa. Archives of General Psychiatry 35, 458460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halmi, K. A., Struss, A. & Goldberg, S.C. (1978 b). An investigation of weights in parents of anorexia nervosa patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 166, 358361.Google Scholar
Hsu, L. K. G. (1980). Outcome of anorexia nervosa. Archives of General Psychiatry 37, 10411046.Google Scholar
Hsu, L. K. G., Crisp, A. H. & Harding, B. (1979). Outcome of anorexia nervosa. Lancet i, 6165.Google Scholar
Huenemann, R. L., Shapiro, L. R., Hampton, M. C. & Mitchell, B. W. (1966). A longitudinal study of gross body composition and body conformation and their association with food and activity in a teenage population. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 18, 324338.Google Scholar
Jones, D. J., Fox, M. M., Babigian, H. M. & Hutton, H. E. (1980). Epidemiology of anorexia nervosa in Monroe County, New York: 1960–1976. Psychosomatic Medicine 42, 551558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalucy, R., Crisp, A. H. & Harding, B. (1977). A study of 56 families with anorexia nervosa. British Journal of Medical Psychology 50, 381395.Google Scholar
Kapen, S., Sternthal, E. & Braverman, L. (1981). A ‘pubertal’ 24-hour luteinizing hormone secretory pattern following weight loss in the absence of anorexia nervosa. Psychosomatic Medicine 43, 177182.Google Scholar
Katz, J. L., Boyar, R., Roffwarg, H., Hellman, L. & Weiner, H. (1978). Weight and circadian luteinizing hormone secretory pattern in anorexia nervosa. Psychosomatic Medicine 40, 549567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kay, D. W. K. & Leigh, D. (1954). The natural history, treatment and prognosis of anorexia nervosa, based on a study of 38 patients. Journal of Mental Science 100, 411431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendell, R. E. (1975). The Role of Diagnosis in Psychiatry. Blackwell: Oxford.Google Scholar
Kendell, R. E., Hall, D. J., Hailey, A. & Babigian, H. M. (1973). The epidemiology of anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine 3, 200203.Google Scholar
King, A. (1963). Primary and secondary anorexia nervosa. British Journal of Psychiatry 109, 470479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knuth, V. A., Hull, M. G. R. & Jacobs, H. S. (1977). Amenorrhoea and loss of weight. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 84, 801807.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kupfer, D. J., Thompson, K. S. & Weiss, B. (1976). EEG sleep changes as predictors in depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 133, 622626.Google Scholar
Lasèque, C. (1873). On hysterical anorexia. Medical Times Gazette 2, 265367.Google Scholar
Mawson, A. R. (1974). Anorexia nervosa and the regulation of intake: a review. Psychological Medicine 4, 289308.Google Scholar
McHugh, P. R. & Moran, T. H. (1977). An examination of the concept of satiety in hypothalamic hyperphagia. In Anorexia Nervosa (ed. Vigersky, R. A.), pp. 6774. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Mills, I. H. (1976). Amitriptyline therapy in anorexia nervosa. Lancet ii, 687.Google Scholar
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and Family Therapy. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Minuchin, S., Baker, L., Rosman, B. L., Liebman, R., Milman, L.Todd, T. (1975). A conceptual model of psychosomatic illness in children. Archives of General Psychiatry 32, 10311038.Google Scholar
Minuchin, S., Rosman, B. L. & Baker, L. (1978). Psychosomatic Families: Anorexia Nervosa in Context. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Miyai, K., Yamamoto, T., Azukizawa, M., Ishibashi, K. & Kumahara, Y. (1975). Serum thyroid hormones and thyrotropin in anorexia nervosa. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 40, 334338.Google Scholar
Morgan, H. G. & Russell, G. F. M. (1975). Value of family background and clinical features as predictors of long-term outcome in anorexia nervosa: four-year follow-up study of 41 patients. Psychological Medicine 5, 355371.Google Scholar
Morrison, S. D. (1977). Extrahypothalamic controls of feeding. In Anorexia Nervosa (ed. Vigersky, R. A.), pp. 7580. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Needleman, H. L. & Waber, D. (1977). The use of amitriptyline in anorexia nervosa. In Anorexia Nervosa (ed. Vigersky, R. A.), pp. 357362. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Neil, J. F., Merikangas, J. R., Foster, F. G., Merikangas, K. R., Spiker, D. G. & Kupfer, D. J. (1980). Waking and all night EEG in anorexia nervosa. Clinical Electroencephalography 11, 915.Google Scholar
Nemiah, J. C. (1950). Anorexia nervosa. Medicine 29, 225268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nylander, I. (1971). The feeling of being fat and dieting in a school population. Acta Sociomedica Scandinavica 3, 1726.Google Scholar
Palazzoli, M. S. (1974). Self-Starvation. Jason Aronson: New York.Google Scholar
Palazzoli, M. S., Boscolo, L., Cecchin, G. F. & Prata, G. (1977) Family rituals: a powerful tool in family therapy. Family Process 16, 445453.Google Scholar
Rampling, D. (1980). Abnormal mothering in the genesis of anorexia nervosa. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 168, 501504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Redmond, D. E., Snyder, D. R. & Maas, J. W. (1977). Norepinephrine and satiety in monkeys. In Anorexia Nervosa (ed. Vigersky, R. A.), pp. 8196. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Russell, G. F. M. (1965). Metabolic aspects of anorexia nervosa. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 58, 811814.Google Scholar
Russell, G. F. M. (1970). Anorexia nervosa – its identity as an illness and its treatment. In Modern Trends in Psychological Medicine, Vol. 2 (ed. Price, J. H.), pp. 131164. Butterworth: London.Google Scholar
Russell, G. F. M. (1977 a). The present status of anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine 7. 353367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, G. F. M. (1977 b). General management of anorexia nervosa and difficulties in assessing the efficiency of treatment. In Anorexia Nervosa (ed. Vigersky, R. A.), pp. 277290. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Sachar, E. J., Hellman, L., Fukushima, D. K. & Gallagher, T. F. (1970). Cortisol production in depressive illness. Archives of General Psychiatry 23, 289298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salkind, M. R., Fincham, J. & Silverstone, T. (1980). Is anorexia nervosa a phobic disorder? Biological Psychiatry 15, 803808.Google Scholar
Schildkraut, J. J., Keeler, B. A. & Papousek, M. (1973). MHPG excretion in depressive disorders. Science 181, 762764.Google Scholar
Sours, J. A. (1974). The anorexia nervosa syndrome. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 55, 567576.Google ScholarPubMed
Sours, J. A. (1981). Depression and the anorexia nervosa syndrome. Pediatric Clinics of North America 4, 145158.Google Scholar
Stricker, E. (1978). Hyperphagia. New England Journal of Medicine 298, 10101012.Google Scholar
Theander, S. (1970). Anorexia nervosa: a psychiatric investigation of 94 female patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Supplement 214.Google Scholar
Vigersky, R. A., Anderson, A. E., Thompson, R. H. & Loriaux, L. (1977). Hypothalamic dysfunction in secondary amenorrhea associated with simple weight loss. New England Journal of Medicine 297, 11411145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wakeling, A., DeSouza, V. A. & Beardwood, C. J. (1977). Assessment of negative and positive feedback effects of administered oestrogen on gonadotrophin release in patients with anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine 7, 397405.Google Scholar
Walsh, B. T. (1982). Endocrine disturbances in anorexia nervosa and depression. Psychosomatic Medicine 44, 8591.Google Scholar
Walsh, B. T., Katz, J. L., Levin, J., Kream, J., Fukushima, D. K., Weiner, H. & Zumoff, B. (1981). The production rate of cortisol declines during recovery from anorexia nervosa. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 53, 203205.Google Scholar