Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T12:06:30.904Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Auditory verbal hallucinations: neuroimaging and treatment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 July 2016

M. M. Bohlken ,
K. Hugdahl  and
I. E. C. Sommer
M. M. Bohlken
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
K. Hugdahl
Affiliation:
Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway NORMENT Center of Excellence, University of Bergen, Norway
I. E. C. Sommer*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
*
*Address for correspondence: I. E. C. Sommer, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands. (Email: i.sommer@umcutrecht.nl)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are a frequently occurring phenomenon in the general population and are considered a psychotic symptom when presented in the context of a psychiatric disorder. Neuroimaging literature has shown that AVH are subserved by a variety of alterations in brain structure and function, which primarily concentrate around brain regions associated with the processing of auditory verbal stimuli and with executive control functions. However, the direction of association between AVH and brain function remains equivocal in certain research areas and needs to be carefully reviewed and interpreted. When AVH have significant impact on daily functioning, several efficacious treatments can be attempted such as antipsychotic medication, brain stimulation and cognitive–behavioural therapy. Interestingly, the neural correlates of these treatments largely overlap with brain regions involved in AVH. This suggests that the efficacy of treatment corresponds to a normalization of AVH-related brain activity. In this selected review, we give a compact yet comprehensive overview of the structural and functional neuroimaging literature on AVH, with a special focus on the neural correlates of efficacious treatment.

Keywords

Auditory verbal hallucinationshallucinationsmagnetic resonance imagingtreatment
Type
Invited Review
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 47 , Issue 2 , January 2017 , pp. 199 - 208
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, P, Freeman, D, Johns, L, McGuire, P (2006). Misattribution of self-generated speech in relation to hallucinatory proneness and delusional ideation in healthy volunteers. Schizophrenia Research 84, 281–288.Google Scholar
Anketell, C, Dorahy, MJ, Shannon, M, Elder, R, Hamilton, G, Corry, M, MacSherry, A, Curran, D, O'Rawe, B (2010). An exploratory analysis of voice hearing in chronic PTSD: potential associated mechanisms. Journal of Trauma Dissociation 11, 93–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barta, E, Powers, E, Richards, S, Pearison, D, Tune, LE (1990). Gyral volume in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 147, 1457–1462.Google Scholar
Beavan, V, Read, J, Cartwright, C (2011). The prevalence of voice-hearers in the general population: a literature review. Journal of Mental Health 20, 281–292.Google Scholar
Blakemore, SJ, Choudhury, S (2006). Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 47, 296–312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonoldi, I, Howes, OD (2014). Presynaptic dopaminergic function: implications for understanding treatment response in psychosis. CNS Drugs 28, 649–663.Google Scholar
Brunelin, J, Mondino, M, Gassab, L, Haesebaert, F, Gaha, L, Suaud-Chagny, M-F, Saoud, M, Mechri, A, Poulet, E (2012). Examining transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) as a treatment for hallucinations in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 169, 719–724.Google Scholar
Catani, M, de Schotten, MT (2012). Atlas of Human Brain Connections. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Catani, M, Jones, DK, Ffytche, DH (2005). Perisylvian language networks of the human brain. Annals of Neurology 57, 8–16.Google Scholar
Chen, X, Liang, S, Pu, W, Song, Y, Mwansisya, TE, Yang, Q, Liu, H, Liu, Z, Shan, B, Xue, Z (2015). Reduced cortical thickness in right Heschl's gyrus associated with auditory verbal hallucinations severity in first-episode schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 15, 152.Google Scholar
Copolov, DL, Seal, ML, Maruff, P, Ulusoy, R, Wong, MTH, Tochon-Danguy, HJ, Egan, GF (2003). Cortical activation associated with the experience of auditory hallucinations and perception of human speech in schizophrenia: a PET correlation study. Psychiatry Research – Neuroimaging 122, 139–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ćurčić-Blake, B, Liemburg, E, Vercammen, A, Swart, M, Knegtering, H, Bruggeman, R, Aleman, A (2013 a). When Broca goes uninformed: reduced information flow to Broca's area in schizophrenia patients with auditory hallucinations. Schizophrenia Bulletin 39, 1087–1095.Google Scholar
Ćurčić-Blake, B, Nanetti, L, van der Meer, L, Cerliani, L, Renken, R, Pijnenborg, GHM, Aleman, A (2013 b). Not on speaking terms: hallucinations and structural network disconnectivity in schizophrenia. Brain Structure and Function 220, 407–418.Google Scholar
Daalman, K, Boks, MP, Diederen, KM, de Weijer, AD, Blom, JD, Kahn, RS, Sommer, IEC (2011). The same or different? A phenomenological comparison of auditory verbal hallucinations in healthy and psychotic individuals. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 72, 1–478.Google Scholar
De Weijer, AD, Neggers, SFW, Diederen, KMS, Mandl, RCW, Kahn, RS, Hulshoff Pol, HE, Sommer, IE (2013). Aberrations in the arcuate fasciculus are associated with auditory verbal hallucinations in psychotic and in non-psychotic individuals. Human Brain Mapping 34, 626–634.Google Scholar
Diederen, KM, Neggers, SFW, Daalman, K, Blom, JD, Goekoop, R, Kahn, RS, Sommer, IEC (2010). Deactivation of the parahippocampal gyrus preceding auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 167, 427–435.Google Scholar
Diederen, KMJ, Daalman, K, De Weijer, AD, Neggers, SFW, Van Gastel, W, Blom, JD, Kahn, RS, Sommer, IEC (2012). Auditory hallucinations elicit similar brain activation in psychotic and nonpsychotic individuals. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38, 1074–1082.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diederen, KMJ, Neggers, SFW, de Weijer, AD, van Lutterveld, R, Daalman, K, Eickhoff, SB, Clos, M, Kahn, RS, Sommer, IEC (2013). Aberrant resting-state connectivity in non-psychotic individuals with auditory hallucinations. Psychological Medicine 43, 1685–1696.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Escarti, MJ, de la Iglesia-Vaya, M, Marti-Bonmati, L, Robles, M, Carbonell, J, Lull, JJ, Garcia-Marti, G, Manjon, JV, Aguilar, EJ, Aleman, A, Sanjuan, J (2010). Increased amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus activation in schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucinations: an fMRI study using independent component analysis. Schizophrenia Research 117, 31–41.Google Scholar
Feinberg, I (1978). Efference copy and corollary discharge: implications for thinking and its disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin 4, 636–640.Google Scholar
Frith, CD, Done, JD (1988). Towards a neuropsychology of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 153, 437–443.Google Scholar
Fusar-Poli, P, Broome, MR, Matthiasson, P, Williams, SCR, Brammer, M, McGuire, PK (2007). Effects of acute antipsychotic treatment on brain activation in first episode psychosis: an fMRI study. European Neuropsychopharmacology 17, 492–500.Google Scholar
Geoffroy, PA, Houenou, J, Duhamel, A, Amad, A, De Weijer, AD, Ćurčić-Blake, B, Linden, DEJ, Thomas, P, Jardri, R (2014). The arcuate fasciculus in auditory-verbal hallucinations: a meta-analysis of diffusion-tensor-imaging studies. Schizophrenia Research 159, 234–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordon, E, Barry, RJ, Anderson, J, Fawdry, R, Yong, C, Grunewald, S, Meares, RA (1994). Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) measures of brain function in schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 28, 446–452.Google Scholar
Gur, RE, Mozley, PD, Resnick, SM, Mozley, LH, Shtasel, DL, Gallacher, F, Gur, RC (1995). Resting cerebral glucose metabolism in first-episode and previously treated patients with schizophrenia relates to clinical features. Archives of General Psychiatry 52, 657–667.Google Scholar
Hoffman, RE, Fernandez, T, Pittman, B, Hampson, M (2011). Elevated functional connectivity along a corticostriatal loop and the mechanism of auditory/verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 69, 407–414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffman, RE, Hampson, M, Wu, K, Anderson, AW, Gore, JC, Buchanan, RJ, Constable, RT, Hawkins, KA, Sahay, N, Krystal, JH (2007). Probing the pathophysiology of auditory/verbal hallucinations by combining functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Cerebral Cortex 17, 2733–2743.Google Scholar
Homan, P, Kindler, J, Hauf, M, Walther, S, Hubl, D, Dierks, T (2013). Repeated measurements of cerebral blood flow in the left superior temporal gyrus reveal tonic hyperactivity in patients with auditory verbal hallucinations: a possible trait marker. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7, 304.Google Scholar
Homan, P, Vermathen, P, Van Swam, C, Federspiel, A, Boesch, C, Strik, W, Dierks, T, Hubl, D, Kreis, R (2014). Magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigations of functionally defined language areas in schizophrenia patients with and without auditory hallucinations. NeuroImage 94, 23–32.Google Scholar
Horacek, J, Brunovsky, M, Novak, T, Skrdlantova, L, Klirova, M, Bubenikova-Valesova, V, Krajca, V, Tislerova, B, Kopecek, M, Spaniel, F, Mohr, P, Heschl, C (2007). Effect of low-frequency rTMS on electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) and regional brain metabolism (PET) in schizophrenia patients with auditory hallucinations. Neuropsychobiology 55, 132–142.Google Scholar
Horga, G, Parellada, E, Lomena, F, Fernandez-Egea, E, Mane, A, Font, M, Falcon, C, Konova, AB, Pavia, J, Ros, D, Bernardo, M (2011). Differential brain glucose metabolic patterns in antipsychotic-naive first-episode schizophrenia with and without auditory verbal hallucinations. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 36, 312–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howes, OD, Kambeitz, J, Kim, E, Stahl, D, Slifstein, M, Abi-Dargham, A, Kapur, S (2012). The nature of dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia and what this means for treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry 69, 776–786.Google Scholar
Howes, OD, Montgomery, AJ, Asselin, MC, Murray, RM, Grasby, PM, McGuire, PK (2007). Molecular imaging studies of the striatal dopaminergic system in psychosis and predictions for the prodromal phase of psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 51, 13–18.Google Scholar
Howes, OD, Shotbolt, P, Bloomfield, M, Daalman, K, Demjaha, A, Diederen, KMJ, Ibrahim, K, Kim, E, McGuire, P, Kahn, RS, Sommer, IE (2013). Dopaminergic function in the psychosis spectrum: an [18F]-DOPA imaging study in healthy individuals with auditory hallucinations. Schizophrenia Bulletin 39, 807–814.Google Scholar
Hubl, D, Koening, T, Strik, WK, Melie Garcia, L, Dierks, T (2007). Competition for neuronal resources: how hallucinations make themselves heard. British Journal of Psychiatry 190, 57–62.Google Scholar
Hugdahl, K (2009). “Hearing voices”: auditory hallucinations as failure of top-down control of bottom-up perceptual processes. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 50, 553–560.Google Scholar
Hugdahl, K (2015). Auditory hallucinations: a review of the ERC “VOICE” project. World Journal of Psychiatry 5, 193–209.Google Scholar
Hugdahl, K, Craven, AR, Nygård, M, Løberg, EM, Berle, JØ, Johnsen, E, Kroken, R, Specht, K, Andreassen, OA, Ersland, L (2015). Glutamate as a mediating transmitter for auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: a 1H MRS study. Schizophrenia Research 161, 252–260.Google Scholar
Hugdahl, K, Løberg, EM, Nygård, M (2009). Left temporal lobe structural and functional abnormality underlying auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Frontiers of Neuroscience 3, 34–45.Google Scholar
Jardri, R, Pouchet, A, Pins, D, Thomas, P (2011). Cortical activations during auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia: a coordinate-based meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry 168, 73–81.Google Scholar
Johnsen, E, Jørgensen, HA, Kroken, RA, Løberg, EM (2013). Neurocognitive effectiveness of quetiapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone: a pragmatic, randomized trial. European Psychiatry 28, 174–184.Google Scholar
Kang, JI, Kim, J-J, Seok, J-H, Chun, JW, Lee, S-K, Park, H-J (2009). Abnormal brain response during the auditory emotional processing in schizophrenic patients with chronic auditory hallucinations. Schizophrenia Research 107, 83–91.Google Scholar
Kier, EL, Staib, LH, Davis, LM, Bronen, RA (2004). MR imaging of the temporal stem: anatomic dissection tractography of the uncinate fasciculus, inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus, and Meyer's loop of the optic radiation. American Journal of Neuroradiology 25, 677–691.Google Scholar
Kindler, J, Homan, P, Jann, K, Federspiel, A, Flury, R, Hauf, M, Strik, W, Dierks, T, Hubl, D (2013). Reduced neuronal activity in language-related regions after transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy for auditory verbal hallucinations. Biological Psychiatry 73, 518–524.Google Scholar
Klirova, M, Horacek, J, Novak, T, Cermak, J, Spaniel, F, Skrdlantova, L, Höschl, C (2013). Individualized rTMS neuronavigated according to regional brain metabolism (18FGD PET) has better treatment effects on auditory hallucinations than standard positioning of rTMS: a double-blind, sham-controlled study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 263, 475–484.Google Scholar
Knöchel, C, O'Dwyer, L, Alves, G, Reinke, B, Magerkurth, J, Rotarska-Jagiela, A, Prvulovic, D, Hampel, H, Linden, DEJ, Oertel-Knöchel, V (2012). Association between white matter fiber integrity and subclinical psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia patients and unaffected relatives. Schizophrenia Research 140, 129–135.Google Scholar
Kompus, K, Westerhausen, R, Hugdahl, K (2011). The “paradoxical” engagement of the primary auditory cortex in patients with auditory verbal hallucinations: a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Neuropsychologia 49, 3361–3369.Google Scholar
Koops, S, van Dellen, E, Schutte, MJL, Nieuwdorp, W, Neggers, SFW, Sommer, IEC (2016). Theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation for auditory verbal hallucinations: negative findings from a double-blind-randomized trial. Schizophrenia Bulletin 42, 250–257.Google Scholar
Kühn, S, Gallinat, J (2012). Quantitative meta-analysis on state and trait aspects of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38, 779–786.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumari, V, Fannon, D, Peters, ER, Ffytche, DH, Sumich, AL, Premkumar, P, Anilkumar, AP, Andrew, C, Phillips, ML, Williams, SCR, Kuipers, E (2011). Neural changes following cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis: a longitudinal study. Brain 134, 2396–2407.Google Scholar
Kyriakopoulos, M, Stringaris, A, Manolesou, S, Radobuljac, MD, Jacobs, B, Reichenberg, A, Stahl, D, Simonoff, E, Frangou, S (2015). Determination of psychosis-related clinical profiles in children with autism spectrum disorders using latent class analysis. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 24, 301–307.Google Scholar
Larøi, F, Sommer, IE, Blom, JD, Fernyhough, C, Ffytche, DH, Hugdahl, K, Johns, LC, McCarthy-Jones, S, Preti, A, Raballo, A, Slotema, CW, Stephane, M, Waters, F (2012). The characteristic features of auditory verbal hallucinations in clinical and nonclinical groups: state-of-the-art overview and future directions. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38, 724–733.Google Scholar
Lavigne, KM, Rapin, LA, Metzak, PD, Whitman, JC, Jung, K, Dohen, M, Lœvenbruck, H, Woodward, TS (2015). Left-dominant temporal-frontal hypercoupling in schizophrenia patients with hallucinations during speech perception. Schizophrenia Bulletin 41, 259–267.Google Scholar
Levitan, C, Ward, PB, Catts, SV (1999). Superior temporal gyral volumes and laterality correlates of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 4, 955–962.Google Scholar
Liddle, PF, Friston, KJ, Frith, CD, Hirsch, SR, Jones, T, Frackowiak, RS (1992). Patterns of cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 160, 179–186.Google Scholar
Linszen, MMJ, Brouwer, RM, Heringa, SM, Sommer, IE (2016). Increased risk of psychosis in patients with hearing impairment: review and meta-analyses. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 62, 1–20.Google Scholar
Lui, S, Li, T, Deng, W, Jiang, L, Wu, Q, Tang, H, Yue, Q, Huang, X, Chan, RC, Collier, Da, Meda, SA, Pearlson, G, Mechelli, A, Sweeney, JA, Gong, Q (2010). Short-term effects of antipsychotic treatment on cerebral function in drug-naive first-episode schizophrenia revealed by “resting state” functional magnetic resonance imaging. Archives of General Psychiatry 67, 783–792.Google Scholar
Mason, L, Peters, ER, Dima, D, Williams, SC, Kumari, V (2016). Cognitive behavioral therapy normalizes functional connectivity for social threat in psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 42, 684–692.Google Scholar
McCarthy-Jones, S, Longden, E (2015). Auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorder: common phenomenology, common cause, common interventions? Frontiers in Psychology 6, 1071.Google Scholar
McCarthy-Jones, S, Oestreich, LKL, Australian Schizophrenia Research Bank, Whitford, TJ (2015). Reduced integrity of the left arcuate fasciculus is specifically associated with auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 162, 1–6.Google Scholar
McGuire, PK, Silbersweig, DA, Wright, I, Murray, RM, David, AS, Rrackowiak, RSJ, Firth, CD (1995). Abnormal monitoring of inner speech: a physiological basis for auditory hallucinations. Lancet 346, 596–600.Google Scholar
Modinos, G, Costafreda, SG, Van Tol, MJ, McGuire, PK, Aleman, A, Allen, P (2013). Neuroanatomy of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia: a quantitative meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. Cortex 49, 1046–1055.Google Scholar
Mondino, M, Jardri, R, Suaud-Chagny, MF, Saoud, M, Poulet, E, Brunelin, J (2016). Effects of fronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation on auditory verbal hallucinations and resting-state functional connectivity of the left temporo-parietal junction in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 42, 318–326.Google Scholar
O'Hanlon, E, Leemans, A, Kelleher, I, Clarke, MC, Roddy, S, Coughlan, H, Harley, M, Amico, F, Hoscheit, MJ, Tiedt, L, Tabish, J, McGettigan, A, Frodl, T, Cannon, M (2015). White matter differences among adolescents reporting psychotic experiences: a population-based diffusion magnetic resonance imaging study. JAMA Psychiatry 72, 668–677.Google Scholar
Palaniyappan, L, Balain, V, Radua, J, Liddle, PF (2012). Structural correlates of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research 137, 169–173.Google Scholar
Parellada, E, Lomena, F, Font, M, Pareto, D, Gutierrez, F, Simo, M, Fernandez-Egea, E, Pavia, J, Ros, D, Bernardo, M (2008). Fluordeoxyglucose-PET study in first-episode schizophrenic patients during the hallucinatory state, after remission and during linguistic-auditory activation. Nuclear Medicine Communications 29, 894–900.Google Scholar
Penfield, W (1958). Some mechanisms of consciousness discovered during electrical stimulation of the brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 44, 51–66.Google Scholar
Sabri, O, Erkwoh, R, Schreckenberger, M, Owega, A, Sass, H, Buell, U (1997). Correlation of positive symptoms exclusively to hyperperfusion or hypoperfusion of cerebral cortex in never-treated schizophrenics. Lancet 349, 1735–1739.Google Scholar
Sanjuan, J, Lull, JJ, Aguilar, EJ, Martí-Bonmatí, L, Moratal, D, Gonzalez, JC, Robles, M, Keshavan, MS (2007). Emotional words induce enhanced brain activity in schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucinations. Psychiatry Research 154, 21–29.Google Scholar
Sarpal, DK, Robinson, DG, Lencz, T, Argyelan, M, Ikuta, T, Karlsgodt, K, Malhotra, AK (2015). Antipsychotic treatment and functional connectivity of the striatum in first-episode schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry 72, 5–13.Google Scholar
Schroeder, K, Fisher, HL, Schafera, I (2013). Psychotic symptoms in patients with borderline personality disorder: prevalence and clinical management. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 26, 113–119.Google Scholar
Silbersweig, DA, Stern, E, Frith, C, Cahill, C, Holmes, A, Grootoonk, S, Seaward, J, McKenna, P, Chua, SE, Schnorr, L, Jones, T, Frackowiak, RSJ (1995). A functional neuroanatomy of hallucinations in schizophrenia. Nature 378, 176–179.Google Scholar
Slotema, CW, Blom, JD, Van Lutterveld, R, Hoek, HW, Sommer, IEC (2014). Review of the efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation for auditory verbal hallucinations. Biological Psychiatry 76, 101–110.Google Scholar
Slotema, CW, Daalman, K, Blom, JD, Diederen, KM, Hoek, HW, Sommer, IEC (2012). Auditory verbal hallucinations in patients with borderline personality disorder are similar to those in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 42, 1873–1878.Google Scholar
Snitz, BE, MacDonald, AW, Carter, CS (2006). Cognitive deficits in unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients: a meta-analytic review of putative endophenotypes. Schizophrenia Bulletin 32, 179–194.Google Scholar
Sommer, IEC, Diederen, KMJ, Blom, JD, Willems, A, Kushan, L, Slotema, K, Boks, MPM, Daalman, K, Hoek, HW, Neggers, SFW, Kahn, RS (2008). Auditory verbal hallucinations predominantly activate the right inferior frontal area. Brain 131, 3169–3177.Google Scholar
Sommer, IEC, Daalman, K, Rietkerk, T, Diederen, KM, Bakker, S, Wijkstra, J, Books, MP (2010). Healthy individuals with auditory verbal hallucinations; who are they? Psychiatric assessments of a selected sample of 103 subjects. Schizophrenia Bulletin 36, 633–641.Google Scholar
Sommer, IEC, Slotema, CW, Daskalakis, ZJ, Derks, EM, Blom, JD, Van Der Gaag, M (2012). The treatment of hallucinations in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38, 704–714.Google Scholar
Stanfield, AC, Moorhead, WJT, Job, DE, McKirdy, J, Sussmann, JED, Hall, J, Giles, S, Johnstone, EC, Lawrie, SM, Mcintosh, AM (2009). Structural abnormalities of ventrolateral and orbitofrontal cortex in patients with familial bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorder 11, 135–144.Google Scholar
Suzuki, M, Yuasa, S, Minabe, Y, Murata, M, Kurachi, M (1993). Left superior temporal blood flow increases in schizophrenic and schizophreniform patients with auditory hallucination: a longitudinal case study using 123I-IMP SPECT. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 242, 257–261.Google Scholar
Toh, WL, Thomas, N, Rossell, SL (2015). Auditory verbal hallucinations in bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD): a systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders 184, 18–28.Google Scholar
Van der Gaag, M, Valmaggia, LR, Smit, F (2014). The effects of individually tailored formulation-based cognitive behavioural therapy in auditory hallucinations and delusions: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research 156, 30–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Lutterveld, R, van den Heuvel, MP, Diederen, KMJ, de Weijer, AD, Begemann, MJH, Brouwer, RM, Daalman, K, Blom, JD, Kahn, RS, Sommer, IE (2014). Cortical thickness in individuals with non-clinical and clinical psychotic symptoms. Brain 137, 2664–2669.Google Scholar
Van Swam, C, Federspiel, A, Hubl, D, Wiest, R, Boesch, C, Vermathen, P, Kreis, R, Strik, W, Dierks, T (2012). Possible dysregulation of cortical plasticity in auditory verbal hallucinations – a cortical thickness study in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatry Research 46, 1015–1023.Google Scholar
Volkow, ND, Wolf, AP, van Gelder, P, Brodie, JD, Overall, JE, Cancro, R, Gomez-Mont, F (1987). Phenomenological correlates of metabolic activity in 18 patients with chronic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 144, 151–158.Google Scholar
Vreeburg, SA, Leijten, FSS, Sommer, IEC (2016). Auditory hallucinations preceding migraine, differentiation with epileptic origin: a case report. Schizophrenia Research 172, 222–223.Google Scholar
Waters, F, Allen, P, Aleman, A, Fernyhough, C, Woodward, TS, Badcock, JC, Barkus, E, Johns, L, Varese, F, Menon, M, Vercammen, A, Laroi, F (2012). Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia and nonschizophrenia populations: a review and integrated model of cognitive mechanisms. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38, 683–692.Google Scholar
Woodruff, PWR, Wright, IC, Bullmore, ET, Brammer, M, Howard, RJ, Williams, SC, Shapleske, J, Rossell, S, David, AS, McGuire, PK, Murray, RM (1997). Auditory hallucinations and the temporal cortical response to speech in schizophrenia: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. American Journal of Psychiatry 154, 1676–1682.Google Scholar
Yun, JY, Nyun Kim, S, Young Lee, T, Chon, MW, Soo Kwon, J (2015). Individualized covariance profile of cortical morphology for auditory hallucinations in first-episode psychosis. Human Brain Mapping 37, 1051–1065.Google Scholar