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Changes in visual memory in mild cognitive impairment: a longitudinal study with CANTAB

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 May 2020

María Campos-Magdaleno Open the ORCID record for María Campos-Magdaleno [Opens in a new window] ,
David Leiva ,
Arturo X. Pereiro Open the ORCID record for Arturo X. Pereiro [Opens in a new window] ,
Cristina Lojo-Seoane Open the ORCID record for Cristina Lojo-Seoane [Opens in a new window] ,
Sabela C. Mallo Open the ORCID record for Sabela C. Mallo [Opens in a new window] ,
David Facal Open the ORCID record for David Facal [Opens in a new window]  and
Onésimo Juncos-Rabadán Open the ORCID record for Onésimo Juncos-Rabadán [Opens in a new window]
María Campos-Magdaleno*
Affiliation:
Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
David Leiva
Affiliation:
Department of Methodology of Behavioural Sciences, University of Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
Arturo X. Pereiro
Affiliation:
Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
Cristina Lojo-Seoane
Affiliation:
Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
Sabela C. Mallo
Affiliation:
Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
David Facal
Affiliation:
Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
Onésimo Juncos-Rabadán
Affiliation:
Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
*
Author for correspondence: María Campos-Magdaleno, E-mail: maria.campos@usc.es
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Abstract

Background

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), as a stage in the cognitive continuum between normal ageing and dementia, is mainly characterized by memory impairment. The aims of this study were to examine CANTAB measures of temporal changes of visual memory in MCI and to evaluate the usefulness of the baseline scores for predicting changes in cognitive status.

Methods

The study included 201 participants aged over 50 years with subjective cognitive complaints. Visual memory was assessed with four CANTAB tests [paired associates learning (PAL), delayed matching to sample (DMS), pattern recognition memory (PRM) and spatial span (SSP)] administered at baseline and on two further occasions, with a follow-up interval of 18–24 months. Participants were divided into three groups according to the change in their cognitive status: participants with subjective cognitive complaints who remained stable, MCI participants who remained stable (MCI-Stable) and MCI participants whose cognitive deterioration continued (MCI-Worsened). Linear mixed models were used to model longitudinal changes, with evaluation time as a fixed variable, and multinomial regression models were used to predict changes in cognitive status.

Results

Isolated significant effects were obtained for age and group with all CANTAB tests used. Interactions between evaluation time and group were identified in the PAL and DMS tests, indicating different temporal patterns depending on the changes in cognitive status. Regression models also indicated that CANTAB scores were good predictors of changes in cognitive status.

Conclusions

Decline in visual memory measured by PAL and DMS tests can successfully distinguish different types of MCI, and considered together PAL, DMS, PRM and SSP can predict changes in cognitive status.

Keywords

CANTAB testslinear mixed modelslongitudinal assessmentmild cognitive impairmentvisual memory
Type
Original Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 51 , Issue 14 , October 2021 , pp. 2465 - 2475
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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