Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T06:40:22.687Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Common pattern of gray-matter abnormalities in drug-naive and medicated first-episode schizophrenia: a multimodal meta-analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 October 2016

C. Shah ,
W. Zhang ,
Y. Xiao ,
L. Yao ,
Y. Zhao ,
X. Gao ,
L. Liu ,
J. Liu ,
S. Li  and
B. Tao
...Show all authors
C. Shah
Affiliation:
Radiology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
W. Zhang
Affiliation:
Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Y. Xiao
Affiliation:
Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
L. Yao
Affiliation:
Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Y. Zhao
Affiliation:
Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
X. Gao
Affiliation:
Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
L. Liu
Affiliation:
Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
J. Liu
Affiliation:
Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
S. Li
Affiliation:
Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
B. Tao
Affiliation:
Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Z. Yan
Affiliation:
Radiology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
Y. Fu
Affiliation:
Radiology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
Q. Gong
Affiliation:
Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
S. Lui*
Affiliation:
Radiology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), the Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
*
*Address for correspondence: Professor S. Lui, Radiology Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. (Email: lusuwcums@tom.com)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Studies of schizophrenia at drug-naive state and on antipsychotic medication have reported a number of regions of gray-matter (GM) abnormalities but the reports have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to conduct multimodal meta-analysis to compare the cross-sectional voxel-based morphometry studies of brain GM in antipsychotic-naive first-episode schizophrenia (AN-FES) and those with antipsychotic treatment within 1 year (AT-FES) to determine the similarities and differences in these groups. We conducted two separate meta-analyses containing 24 studies with a sample size of 801 patients and 957 healthy controls. A multimodal meta-analysis method was used to compare the findings between AN-FES and AT-FES. Meta-regression analyses were done to determine the influence of different variables including age, duration of illness, and positive and negative symptom scores. Finally, jack-knife analyses were done to test the robustness of the results. AN-FES and AT-FES showed common patterns of GM abnormalities in frontal (gyrus rectus), superior temporal, left hippocampal and insular cortex. GM in the left supramarginal gyrus and left middle temporal gyrus were found to be increased in AN-FES but decreased in AT-FES, whereas left median cingulate/paracingulate gyri and right hippocampus GM was decreased in AN-FES but increased in AT-FES. Findings suggest that both AN-FES and AT-FES share frontal, temporal and insular regions as common anatomical regions to be affected indicating these to be the primary regions of GM abnormalities in both groups.

Keywords

Antipsychoticsfirst-episode schizophreniagray mattermeta-analysismagnetic resonance imagingnaive
Type
Review Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 47 , Issue 3 , February 2017 , pp. 401 - 413
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andreasen, NC, Nopoulos, P, Magnotta, V, Pierson, R, Ziebell, S, Ho, BC (2011). Progressive brain change in schizophrenia: a prospective longitudinal study of first-episode schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 70, 672–679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angelucci, F, Aloe, L, Iannitelli, A, Gruber, SH, Mathe, AA (2005). Effect of chronic olanzapine treatment on nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the rat brain. European Neuropsychopharmacology 15, 311–317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anticevic, A, Hu, X, Xiao, Y, Hu, J, Li, F, Bi, F, Cole, MW, Savic, A, Yang, GJ, Repovs, G, Murray, JD, Wang, XJ, Huang, X, Lui, S, Krystal, JH, Gong, Q (2015). Early-course unmedicated schizophrenia patients exhibit elevated prefrontal connectivity associated with longitudinal change. Journal of Neuroscience 35, 267–286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Antonova, E, Kumari, V, Morris, R, Halari, R, Anilkumar, A, Mehrotra, R, Sharma, T (2005). The relationship of structural alterations to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: a voxel-based morphometry study. Biological Psychiatry 58, 457–467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bechara, A, Tranel, D, Damasio, H, Adolphs, R, Rockland, C, Damasio, AR (1995). Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus in humans. Science 269, 1115–1118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bora, E, Fornito, A, Radua, J, Walterfang, M, Seal, M, Wood, SJ, Yucel, M, Velakoulis, D, Pantelis, C (2011). Neuroanatomical abnormalities in schizophrenia: a multimodal voxelwise meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Schizophrenia Research 127, 46–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bose, SK, Mackinnon, T, Mehta, MA, Turkheimer, FE, Howes, OD, Selvaraj, S, Kempton, MJ, Grasby, PM (2009). The effect of ageing on grey and white matter reductions in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 112, 7–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chakos, MH, Lieberman, JA, Bilder, RM, Borenstein, M, Lerner, G, Bogerts, B, Wu, H, Kinon, B, Ashtari, M (1994). Increase in caudate nuclei volumes of first-episode schizophrenic patients taking antipsychotic drugs. American Journal of Psychiatry 151, 1430–1436.Google ScholarPubMed
Chua, SE, Cheung, C, Cheung, V, Tsang, JT, Chen, EY, Wong, JC, Cheung, JP, Yip, L, Tai, KS, Suckling, J, McAlonan, GM (2007). Cerebral grey, white matter and csf in never-medicated, first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 89, 12–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chua, SE, Deng, Y, Chen, EY, Law, CW, Chiu, CP, Cheung, C, Wong, JC, Lienenkaemper, N, Cheung, V, Suckling, J, McAlonan, GM (2009). Early striatal hypertrophy in first-episode psychosis within 3 weeks of initiating antipsychotic drug treatment. Psychological Medicine 39, 793–800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costain, G, Ho, A, Crawley, AP, Mikulis, DJ, Brzustowicz, LM, Chow, EW, Bassett, AS (2010). Reduced gray matter in the anterior cingulate gyrus in familial schizophrenia: a preliminary report. Schizophrenia Research 122, 81–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crespo-Facorro, B, Roiz-Santianez, R, Perez-Iglesias, R, Pelayo-Teran, JM, Rodriguez-Sanchez, JM, Tordesillas-Gutierrez, D, Ramirez, M, Martinez, O, Gutierrez, A, de Lucas, EM, Vazquez-Barquero, JL (2008). Effect of antipsychotic drugs on brain morphometry. A randomized controlled one-year follow-up study of haloperidol, risperidone and olanzapine. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 32, 1936–1943.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dazzan, P, Morgan, KD, Orr, K, Hutchinson, G, Chitnis, X, Suckling, J, Fearon, P, McGuire, PK, Mallett, RM, Jones, PB, Leff, J, Murray, RM (2005). Different effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics on grey matter in first episode psychosis: the AESOP study. Neuropsychopharmacology 30, 765–774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deng, MY, McAlonan, GM, Cheung, C, Chiu, CP, Law, CW, Cheung, V, Sham, PC, Chen, EY, Chua, SE (2009). A naturalistic study of grey matter volume increase after early treatment in anti-psychotic naive, newly diagnosed schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 206, 437–446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Douaud, G, Smith, S, Jenkinson, M, Behrens, T, Johansen-Berg, H, Vickers, J, James, S, Voets, N, Watkins, K, Matthews, PM, James, A (2007). Anatomically related grey and white matter abnormalities in adolescent-onset schizophrenia. Brain 130, 2375–2386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duggal, HS, Muddasani, S, Keshavan, MS (2005). Insular volumes in first-episode schizophrenia: gender effect. Schizophrenia Research 73, 113–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellison-Wright, I, Glahn, DC, Laird, AR, Thelen, SM, Bullmore, E (2008). The anatomy of first-episode and chronic schizophrenia: an anatomical likelihood estimation meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry 165, 1015–1023.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fletcher, P, McKenna, PJ, Friston, KJ, Frith, CD, Dolan, RJ (1999). Abnormal cingulate modulation of fronto-temporal connectivity in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 9, 337–342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fujiwara, H, Hirao, K, Namiki, C, Yamada, M, Shimizu, M, Fukuyama, H, Hayashi, T, Murai, T (2007). Anterior cingulate pathology and social cognition in schizophrenia: a study of gray matter, white matter and sulcal morphometry. Neuroimage 36, 1236–1245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Girgis, RR, Diwadkar, VA, Nutche, JJ, Sweeney, JA, Keshavan, MS, Hardan, AY (2006). Risperidone in first-episode psychosis: a longitudinal, exploratory voxel-based morphometric study. Schizophrenia Research 82, 89–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grieve, SM, Clark, CR, Williams, LM, Peduto, AJ, Gordon, E (2005). Preservation of limbic and paralimbic structures in aging. Human Brain Mapping 25, 391–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guo, W, Liu, F, Liu, J, Yu, L, Zhang, J, Zhang, Z, Xiao, C, Zhai, J, Zhao, J (2015). Abnormal causal connectivity by structural deficits in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia at rest. Schizophrenia Bulletin 41, 57–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guo, X, Li, J, Wang, J, Fan, X, Hu, M, Shen, Y, Chen, H, Zhao, J (2014). Hippocampal and orbital inferior frontal gray matter volume abnormalities and cognitive deficit in treatment-naive, first-episode patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 152, 339–343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guo, X, Li, J, Wei, Q, Fan, X, Kennedy, DN, Shen, Y, Chen, H, Zhao, J (2013). Duration of untreated psychosis is associated with temporal and occipitotemporal gray matter volume decrease in treatment naive schizophrenia. PLoS ONE 8, e83679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gur, RE, Cowell, PE, Latshaw, A, Turetsky, BI, Grossman, RI, Arnold, SE, Bilker, WB, Gur, RC (2000). Reduced dorsal and orbital prefrontal gray matter volumes in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 57, 761–768.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haijma, SV, Van Haren, N, Cahn, W, Koolschijn, PC, Hulshoff Pol, HE, Kahn, RS (2013). Brain volumes in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis in over 18 000 subjects. Schizophrenia Bulletin 39, 1129–1138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halim, ND, Weickert, CS, McClintock, BW, Weinberger, DR, Lipska, BK (2004). Effects of chronic haloperidol and clozapine treatment on neurogenesis in the adult rat hippocampus. Neuropsychopharmacology 29, 1063–1069.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ho, BC, Andreasen, NC, Nopoulos, P, Arndt, S, Magnotta, V, Flaum, M (2003). Progressive structural brain abnormalities and their relationship to clinical outcome: a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study early in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 585–594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Honea, R, Crow, TJ, Passingham, D, Mackay, CE (2005). Regional deficits in brain volume in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. American Journal of Psychiatry 162, 2233–2245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joyal, CC, Laakso, MP, Tiihonen, J, Syvalahti, E, Vilkman, H, Laakso, A, Alakare, B, Rakkolainen, V, Salokangas, RK, Hietala, J (2003). The amygdala and schizophrenia: a volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study in first-episode, neuroleptic-naive patients. Biological Psychiatry 54, 1302–1304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kasparek, T, Prikryl, R, Mikl, M, Schwarz, D, Ceskova, E, Krupa, P (2007). Prefrontal but not temporal grey matter changes in males with first-episode schizophrenia. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 31, 151–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keshavan, MS, Haas, GL, Kahn, CE, Aguilar, E, Dick, EL, Schooler, NR, Sweeney, JA, Pettegrew, JW (1998). Superior temporal gyrus and the course of early schizophrenia: progressive, static, or reversible? Journal of Psychiatric Research 32, 161–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kubicki, M, Shenton, ME, Salisbury, DF, Hirayasu, Y, Kasai, K, Kikinis, R, Jolesz, FA, McCarley, RW (2002). Voxel-based morphometric analysis of gray matter in first episode schizophrenia. Neuroimage 17, 1711–1719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuroki, N, Shenton, ME, Salisbury, DF, Hirayasu, Y, Onitsuka, T, Ersner-Hershfield, H, Yurgelun-Todd, D, Kikinis, R, Jolesz, FA, McCarley, RW (2006). Middle and inferior temporal gyrus gray matter volume abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia: an MRI study. American Journal of Psychiatry 163, 2103–2110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Labarre, R (1993). Cohort effects: a possible limitation to the interpretation of longitudinal studies. American Journal of Human Biology. 5, 305–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lei, W, Deng, W, Li, M, He, Z, Han, Y, Huang, C, Ma, X, Wang, Q, Guo, W, Li, Y, Jiang, L, Gong, Q, Hu, X, Zhang, N, Li, T (2015). Gray matter volume alterations in first-episode drug-naive patients with deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 234, 219–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lesh, TA, Tanase, C, Geib, BR, Niendam, TA, Yoon, JH, Minzenberg, MJ, Ragland, JD, Solomon, M, Carter, CS (2015). A multimodal analysis of antipsychotic effects on brain structure and function in first-episode schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry 72, 226–234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leung, M, Cheung, C, Yu, K, Yip, B, Sham, P, Li, Q, Chua, S, McAlonan, G (2011). Gray matter in first-episode schizophrenia before and after antipsychotic drug treatment. Anatomical likelihood estimation meta-analyses with sample size weighting. Schizophrenia Bulletin 37, 199–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lui, S, Deng, W, Huang, X, Jiang, L, Ma, X, Chen, H, Zhang, T, Li, X, Li, D, Zou, L, Tang, H, Zhou, XJ, Mechelli, A, Collier, DA, Sweeney, JA, Li, T, Gong, Q (2009). Association of cerebral deficits with clinical symptoms in antipsychotic-naive first-episode schizophrenia: an optimized voxel-based morphometry and resting state functional connectivity study. American Journal of Psychiatry 166, 196–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lui, S, Li, T, Deng, W, Jiang, L, Wu, Q, Tang, H, Yue, Q, Huang, X, Chan, RC, Collier, DA, Meda, SA, Pearlson, G, Mechelli, A, Sweeney, JA, Gong, Q (2010). Short-term effects of antipsychotic treatment on cerebral function in drug-naive first-episode schizophrenia revealed by ‘resting state’ functional magnetic resonance imaging. Archives of General Psychiatry 67, 783–792.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, AJ, Friston, KJ, Colebatch, JG, Frackowiak, RS (1991). Decreases in regional cerebral blood flow with normal aging. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow Metabolism 11, 684–689.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meltzer, CC, Cantwell, MN, Greer, PJ, Ben-Eliezer, D, Smith, G, Frank, G, Kaye, WH, Houck, PR, Price, JC (2000). Does cerebral blood flow decline in healthy aging? A PET study with partial-volume correction. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 41, 1842–1848.Google ScholarPubMed
Millan, MJ (2005). N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors as a target for improved antipsychotic agents: novel insights and clinical perspectives. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 179, 30–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nenadic, I, Dietzek, M, Schonfeld, N, Lorenz, C, Gussew, A, Reichenbach, JR, Sauer, H, Gaser, C, Smesny, S (2015). Brain structure in people at ultra-high risk of psychosis, patients with first-episode schizophrenia, and healthy controls: a VBM study. Schizophrenia Research 161, 169–176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olabi, B, Ellison-Wright, I, McIntosh, AM, Wood, SJ, Bullmore, E, Lawrie, SM (2011). Are there progressive brain changes in schizophrenia? A meta-analysis of structural magnetic resonance imaging studies. Biological Psychiatry 70, 88–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prasad, KM, Shirts, BH, Yolken, RH, Keshavan, MS, Nimgaonkar, VL (2007). Brain morphological changes associated with exposure to HSV1 in first-episode schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry 12, 105–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radua, J, Borgwardt, S, Crescini, A, Mataix-Cols, D, Meyer-Lindenberg, A, McGuire, PK, Fusar-Poli, P (2012 a). Multimodal meta-analysis of structural and functional brain changes in first episode psychosis and the effects of antipsychotic medication. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 36, 2325–2333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radua, J, Grau, M, van den Heuvel, OA, Thiebaut de Schotten, M, Stein, DJ, Canales-Rodriguez, EJ, Catani, M, Mataix-Cols, D (2014). Multimodal voxel-based meta-analysis of white matter abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 39, 1547–1557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radua, J, Mataix-Cols, D (2009). Voxel-wise meta-analysis of grey matter changes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 195, 393–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radua, J, Mataix-Cols, D, Phillips, ML, El-Hage, W, Kronhaus, DM, Cardoner, N, Surguladze, S (2012 b). A new meta-analytic method for neuroimaging studies that combines reported peak coordinates and statistical parametric maps. European Psychiatry 27, 605–611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radua, J, Via, E, Catani, M, Mataix-Cols, D (2011). Voxel-based meta-analysis of regional white-matter volume differences in autism spectrum disorder versus healthy controls. Psychological Medicine 41, 1539–1550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Resnick, SM, Pham, DL, Kraut, MA, Zonderman, AB, Davatzikos, C (2003). Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging studies of older adults: a shrinking brain. Journal of Neuroscience 23, 3295–3301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salgado-Pineda, P, Baeza, I, Perez-Gomez, M, Vendrell, P, Junque, C, Bargallo, N, Bernardo, M (2003). Sustained attention impairment correlates to gray matter decreases in first episode neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients. Neuroimage 19, 365–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shepherd, AM, Matheson, SL, Laurens, KR, Carr, VJ, Green, MJ (2012). Systematic meta-analysis of insula volume in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 72, 775–784.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spinks, R, Nopoulos, P, Ward, J, Fuller, R, Magnotta, VA, Andreasen, NC (2005). Globus pallidus volume is related to symptom severity in neuroleptic naive patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 73, 229–233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suzuki, M, Nohara, S, Hagino, H, Kurokawa, K, Yotsutsuji, T, Kawasaki, Y, Takahashi, T, Matsui, M, Watanabe, N, Seto, H, Kurachi, M (2002). Regional changes in brain gray and white matter in patients with schizophrenia demonstrated with voxel-based analysis of MRI. Schizophrenia Research 55, 41–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szeszko, PR, Strous, RD, Goldman, RS, Ashtari, M, Knuth, KH, Lieberman, JA, Bilder, RM (2002). Neuropsychological correlates of hippocampal volumes in patients experiencing a first episode of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 217–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanskanen, P, Ridler, K, Murray, GK, Haapea, M, Veijola, JM, Jaaskelainen, E, Miettunen, J, Jones, PB, Bullmore, ET, Isohanni, MK (2010). Morphometric brain abnormalities in schizophrenia in a population-based sample: relationship to duration of illness. Schizophrenia Bulletin 36, 766–777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Upadhyaya, AR, El-Sheikh, R, MacMaster, FP, Diwadkar, VA, Keshavan, MS (2007). Pituitary volume in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenia: a structural MRI study. Schizophrenia Research 90, 266–273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Erp, TG, Greve, DN, Rasmussen, J, Turner, J, Calhoun, VD, Young, S, Mueller, B, Brown, GG, McCarthy, G, Glover, GH, Lim, KO, Bustillo, JR, Belger, A, McEwen, S, Voyvodic, J, Mathalon, DH, Keator, D, Preda, A, Nguyen, D, Ford, JM, Potkin, SG, Fbirn, (2014). A multi-scanner study of subcortical brain volume abnormalities in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 222, 10–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vita, A, De Peri, L, Deste, G, Barlati, S, Sacchetti, E (2015). The effect of antipsychotic treatment on cortical gray matter changes in schizophrenia: does the class matter? A meta-analysis and meta-regression of longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging studies. Biological Psychiatry 78, 403–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vita, A, De Peri, L, Deste, G, Sacchetti, E (2012). Progressive loss of cortical gray matter in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of longitudinal MRI studies. Translational Psychiatry 2, e190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinberger, DR (1997). The biological basis of schizophrenia: new directions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 58(Suppl.) 10, 22–27.Google ScholarPubMed
Weissman, DH, Gopalakrishnan, A, Hazlett, CJ, Woldorff, MG (2005). Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex resolves conflict from distracting stimuli by boosting attention toward relevant events. Cerebral Cortex 15, 229–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, TP, Joseph, V, Francis, ST, Liddle, PF (2010). Aberrant salience network (bilateral insula and anterior cingulate cortex) connectivity during information processing in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 123, 105–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitford, TJ, Grieve, SM, Farrow, TF, Gomes, L, Brennan, J, Harris, AW, Gordon, E, Williams, LM (2006). Progressive grey matter atrophy over the first 2–3 years of illness in first-episode schizophrenia: a tensor-based morphometry study. Neuroimage 32, 511–519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Witthaus, H, Kaufmann, C, Bohner, G, Ozgurdal, S, Gudlowski, Y, Gallinat, J, Ruhrmann, S, Brune, M, Heinz, A, Klingebiel, R, Juckel, G (2009). Gray matter abnormalities in subjects at ultra-high risk for schizophrenia and first-episode schizophrenic patients compared to healthy controls. Psychiatry Research 173, 163–169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, IC, McGuire, PK, Poline, JB, Travere, JM, Murray, RM, Frith, CD, Frackowiak, RS, Friston, KJ (1995). A voxel-based method for the statistical analysis of gray and white matter density applied to schizophrenia. Neuroimage 2, 244–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiao, Y, Lui, S, Deng, W, Yao, L, Zhang, W, Li, S, Wu, M, Xie, T, He, Y, Huang, X, Hu, J, Bi, F, Li, T, Gong, Q (2015). Altered cortical thickness related to clinical severity but not the untreated disease duration in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 41, 201–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamasue, H, Iwanami, A, Hirayasu, Y, Yamada, H, Abe, O, Kuroki, N, Fukuda, R, Tsujii, K, Aoki, S, Ohtomo, K, Kato, N, Kasai, K (2004). Localized volume reduction in prefrontal, temporolimbic, and paralimbic regions in schizophrenia: an MRI parcellation study. Psychiatry Research 131, 195–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yoshihara, Y, Sugihara, G, Matsumoto, H, Suckling, J, Nishimura, K, Toyoda, T, Isoda, H, Tsuchiya, KJ, Takebayashi, K, Suzuki, K, Sakahara, H, Nakamura, K, Mori, N, Takei, N (2008). Voxel-based structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of patients with early onset schizophrenia. Annals of General Psychiatry 7, 25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, W, Deng, W, Yao, L, Xiao, Y, Li, F, Liu, J, Sweeney, JA, Lui, S, Gong, Q (2015). Brain structural abnormalities in a Group of never-medicated patients with long-term schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 172, 995–1003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, YJ, Du, MY, Huang, XQ, Lui, S, Chen, ZQ, Liu, J, Luo, Y, Wang, XL, Kemp, GJ, Gong, QY (2014). Brain grey matter abnormalities in medication-free patients with major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine 44, 2927–2937.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Shah supplementary material

Shah supplementary material

Download Shah supplementary material(File)
File 2 MB