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Differences in temperament and character dimensions in patients with bipolar I or II or major depressive disorder and general population subjects

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 January 2011

P. Jylhä ,
O. Mantere ,
T. Melartin ,
K. Suominen ,
M. Vuorilehto ,
P. Arvilommi ,
I. Holma ,
M. Holma ,
S. Leppämäki  and
H. Valtonen
...Show all authors
P. Jylhä
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland Department of Psychiatry, Jorvi Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Espoo, Finland
O. Mantere
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland Department of Psychiatry, Jorvi Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Espoo, Finland
T. Melartin
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland Department of Psychiatry, Jorvi Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Espoo, Finland
K. Suominen
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland Department of Psychiatry, Jorvi Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Espoo, Finland
M. Vuorilehto
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
P. Arvilommi
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
I. Holma
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
M. Holma
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
S. Leppämäki
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
H. Valtonen
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland Department of Psychiatry, Jorvi Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Espoo, Finland
H. Rytsälä
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
E. Isometsä*
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
*
*Address for correspondence: Professor E. T. Isometsä, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 22, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland. (Email: erkki.isometsa@hus.fi)
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Background

Whether temperament and character differ between bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) patients and general population subjects, or between BD I and BD II patients, remains unclear.

Method

BD patients (n=191) from the Jorvi Bipolar Study and MDD patients (n=266) from the Vantaa Depression Study (VDS) and the Vantaa Primary Care Depression Study were interviewed at baseline, at 6 and 18 months, and in the VDS at 5 years. A general population comparison group (n=264) was surveyed by mail. BD patients' scores on the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised were compared at an index interview, when levels of depression and mania were lowest, with scores of MDD patients and controls. BD I (n=99) and BD II (n=92) patients were compared.

Results

Compared with controls, both BD and MDD patients had higher harm avoidance [odds ratio (OR) 1.027, p<0.001 and OR 1.047, p<0.001, respectively] and lower persistence (OR 0.983, p=0.006 and OR 0.968, p<0.001, respectively) scores. Moreover, BD patients had lower self-directedness (OR 0.979, p=0.003), MDD patients lower reward dependence (OR 0.976, p=0.002) and self-transcendence (OR 0.966, p<0.001) scores. BD patients scored lower in harm avoidance (OR 0.980, p=0.002) and higher in novelty seeking (OR 1.027, p<0.001) and self-transcendence (OR 1.028, p<0.001) than MDD patients. No differences existed between BD I and II patients.

Conclusions

The patterns of temperament and character dimensions differed less between BD and MDD patients, than patients from their controls. The most pronounced difference was higher novelty seeking in BD than MDD patients. The dimensions investigated are unlikely to differ between BD I and BD II patients.

Keywords

Bipolar disordercharactergeneral populationmajor depressive disorderpersonalitytemperament
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 41 , Issue 8 , August 2011 , pp. 1579 - 1591
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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