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Do negative symptoms of schizophrenia change over time? A meta-analysis of longitudinal data

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 November 2014

M. Savill ,
C. Banks ,
H. Khanom  and
S. Priebe
M. Savill*
Affiliation:
Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, WHO collaborating Centre for Mental Health Service Development, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
C. Banks
Affiliation:
Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, WHO collaborating Centre for Mental Health Service Development, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
H. Khanom
Affiliation:
Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, WHO collaborating Centre for Mental Health Service Development, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
S. Priebe
Affiliation:
Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, WHO collaborating Centre for Mental Health Service Development, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
*
* Address for correspondence: Mr M. Savill, Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, WHO collaborating Centre for Mental Health Service Development, Queen Mary University of London, Newham Centre for Mental Health, London E13 8SP, UK. (Email: m.savill@qmul.ac.uk)
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Abstract

Background.

Negative symptoms are a core component of schizophrenia which can severely impact quality of life and functional outcomes. These symptoms are understood to be highly stable but this has not been tested in a meta-analysis, despite the wealth of longitudinal data available.

Method.

A systematic review of the literature was conducted, with eligible studies pooled into a random-effects meta-analysis. Planned meta-regressions were conducted to evaluate the impact of factors known to induce secondary negative symptoms, in addition to other possible sources of heterogeneity.

Results.

The main analysis included 89 samples from 41 studies, totalling 5944 participants. Negative symptoms were found to significantly reduce in all treatment interventions, including in placebo and treatment as usual conditions, with a medium effect size (ES) present across all study conditions (ES = 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.56–0.77, I2 = 94.0%). In a multivariate meta-regression, only the type of scale used was found to significantly influence negative symptom change. No difference in outcome was found between studies that excluded patients with a high level of positive or depressive symptoms, compared to those that did not.

Conclusions.

Negative symptoms were found to reduce in almost all schizophrenia outpatient samples. A reduction was found across all conditions, with effect sizes ranging from small to large depending upon the condition type. These findings challenge the convention that negative symptoms are highly stable and suggest that they may improve to a greater extent than what has previously been assumed.

Keywords

Longitudinal coursenegative symptomsschizophreniasymptom assessment
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 45 , Issue 8 , June 2015 , pp. 1613 - 1627
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

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