Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T00:08:17.747Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Duration of untreated psychosis and neurocognitive functioning in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 November 2017

K. Allott ,
D. Fraguas ,
C. F. Bartholomeusz ,
C. M. Díaz-Caneja ,
C. Wannan ,
E. M. Parrish ,
G. P. Amminger ,
C. Pantelis ,
C. Arango  and
P. D. McGorry
...Show all authors
K. Allott*
Affiliation:
Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
D. Fraguas
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
C. F. Bartholomeusz
Affiliation:
Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Parkville, Australia
C. M. Díaz-Caneja
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
C. Wannan
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Parkville, Australia
E. M. Parrish
Affiliation:
Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
G. P. Amminger
Affiliation:
Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
C. Pantelis
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Parkville, Australia
C. Arango
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
P. D. McGorry
Affiliation:
Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
M. Rapado-Castro
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Parkville, Australia
*
Author for correspondence: K. Allott, E-mail: kelly.allott@orygen.org.au
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Previous reviews suggest there is minimal evidence for an association between duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and neurocognition. This is based on tallied findings of studies with small samples and neurocognition viewed as a single construct. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the association between DUP and individual neurocognitive domains and tests in first-episode psychosis (FEP).

Method

MOOSE and PRISMA guidelines were followed. Forty-three studies involving 4647 FEP patients were included. For studies providing correlations between DUP and neurocognition, 12 separate meta-analyses were performed based on neurocognitive domains/indices. The influence of demographic/clinical variables was tested using weighted linear meta-regression analyses.

Results

The relationship between DUP and most neurocognitive domains/indices was not significant. Longer DUP was associated with a larger cognitive deterioration index, i.e. current minus premorbid intellectual functioning (N = 4; mean ES −0.213, 95% confidence interval (CI) (−0.344 to −0.074), p = 0.003). Findings were homogeneous, with no evidence of publication bias or significant influence from moderators. For studies providing mean and standard deviations for neurocognitive measures and DUP, 20 meta-regressions were performed on individual neurocognitive tests. One significant finding emerged showing that longer DUP was associated with fewer Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-perseverative errors (mean ES −0.031, 95% CI (−0.048 to −0.013), p < 0.001). Exploratory meta-regressions in studies with mean DUP <360 days showed longer DUP was significantly associated with poorer performance on Trail Making Test A and B and higher Full-Scale IQ.

Conclusion

There may not be a generalised association between DUP and neurocognition, however, specific cognitive functions may be associated with longer DUP or delayed help-seeking.

Keywords

Cognitive deterioration indexcognitive flexibilitycritical periodIQneurotoxicity hypothesistreatment delay
Type
Review Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 48 , Issue 10 , July 2018 , pp. 1592 - 1607
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acock, AC (2014) A Gentle Introduction to Stata. Texas: Stata Press.Google Scholar
Addington, J, Van Mastrigt, S and Addington, D (2004) Duration of untreated psychosis: impact on 2-year outcome. Psychological Medicine 34, 277–284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amminger, GP, Edwards, J, Brewer, WJ, Harrigan, S and McGorry, PD (2002) Duration of untreated psychosis and cognitive deterioration in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 54, 223–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, KK, Rodrigues, M, Mann, K, Voineskos, A, Mulsant, BH, George, TP and McKenzie, KJ (2015) Minimal evidence that untreated psychosis damages brain structures: a systematic review. Schizophrenia Research 162, 222–233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ardila, A, Pineda, D and Rosselli, M (2000) Correlation between intelligence test scores and executive function measures. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 15, 31–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayres, AM, Busatto, GF, Menezes, PR, Schaufelberger, MS, Coutinho, L, Murray, RM, McGuire, PK, Rushe, T and Scazufca, M (2007) Cognitive deficits in first-episode psychosis: a population-based study in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Schizophrenia Research 90, 338–343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartholomeusz, CF, Proffitt, TM, Savage, G, Simpson, L, Markulev, C, Kerr, M, McConchie, M, McGorry, PD, Pantelis, C, Berger, GE and Wood, SJ (2011) Relational memory in first episode psychosis: implications for progressive hippocampal dysfunction after illness onset. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 45, 206–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beretta, L and Santaniello, A (2016) Nearest neighbor imputation algorithms: a critical evaluation. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 16(Suppl. 3), 74.Google Scholar
Bliksted, V, Fagerlund, B, Weed, E, Frith, C and Videbech, P (2014) Social cognition and neurocognitive deficits in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 153, 9–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boonstra, N, Klaassen, R, Sytema, S, Marshall, M, De Haan, L and Wunderink, L and Wiersma, D (2012) Duration of untreated psychosis and negative symptoms – a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. Schizophrenia Research 142, 12–19.Google Scholar
Bozikas, VP and Andreou, C (2011) Longitudinal studies of cognition in first episode psychosis: a systematic review of the literature. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 45, 93–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bratlien, U, Oie, M, Lien, L, Agartz, I, Romm, KL, Vaskinn, A, Ueland, T, Andreassen, OA and Melle, I (2013) Social dysfunction in first-episode psychosis and relations to neurocognition, duration of untreated psychosis and clinical symptoms. Psychiatry Research 207, 33–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brekke, JS, Kohrt, B and Green, MF (2001) Neuropsychological functioning as a moderator of the relationship between psychosocial functioning and the subjective experience of self and life in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 27, 697–708.Google Scholar
Broussard, B, Kelley, ME, Wan, CR, Cristofaro, SL, Crisafio, A, Haggard, PJ, Myers, NL, Reed, T and Compton, MT (2013) Demographic, socio-environmental, and substance-related predictors of duration of untreated psychosis (DUP). Schizophrenia Research 148, 93–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchy, L, Czechowska, Y, Chochol, C, Malla, A, Joober, R, Pruessner, J and Lepage, M (2010) Toward a model of cognitive insight in first-episode psychosis: verbal memory and hippocampal structure. Schizophrenia Bulletin 36, 1040–1049.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlsson, R, Nyman, H, Ganse, G and Cullberg, J (2006) Neuropsychological functions predict 1 - and 3-year outcome in first-episode psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 113, 102–111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caspi, A, Reichenberg, A, Weiser, M, Rabinowitzc, J, Kaplan, Z, Knobler, H, Davidson-Sagi, N and Davidson, M (2003) Cognitive performance in schizophrenia patients assessed before and following the first psychotic episode. Schizophrenia Research 65, 87–94.Google Scholar
Chan, RC, Chen, EY and Law, CW (2006) Specific executive dysfunction in patients with first-episode medication-naive schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 82, 51–64.Google Scholar
Chang, WC, Hui, CLM, Tang, JYM, Wong, GHY, Chan, SKW, Lee, EHM and Chen, EYH (2013) Impacts of duration of untreated psychosis on cognition and negative symptoms in first-episode schizophrenia: a 3-year prospective follow-up study. Psychological Medicine 43, 1883–1893.Google Scholar
Chen, EY, Wong, AW, Chen, RY and Au, JW (2001) Stroop interference and facilitation effects in first-episode schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Research 48, 29–44.Google Scholar
Cohen, J (1992) A power primer. Psychological Bulletin 112, 155–159.Google Scholar
Cropley, V, Wood, SJ and Pantelis, C (2013) Brain structural, neurochemical and neuroinflammatory markers of psychosis onset and relapse: is there evidence for a psychosis relapse signature? International Clinical Psychopharmacology. doi: 10.1097/YIC.0b013e32835ab37c.Google Scholar
Daban, C, Amado, I, Bourdel, MC, Loo, H, Olie, JP, Poirier, MF and Krebs, MO (2005) Cognitive dysfunctions in medicated and unmedicated patients with recent-onset schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research 39, 391–398.Google Scholar
DerSimonian, R and Laird, N (1986) Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials 7, 177–188.Google Scholar
Dickinson, D, Ramsey, ME and Gold, JM (2007) Overlooking the obvious. A meta-analytic comparison of digit symbol coding tasks and other cognitive measures in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 64, 532–542.Google Scholar
Donoghue, K and Doody, GA (2012) Effect of illegal substance use on cognitive function in individuals with a psychotic disorder: a review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychology 26, 785–801.Google Scholar
Drake, RJ and Lewis, SW (2003) Insight and neurocognition in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 62, 165–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duval, S and Tweedie, R (2000) Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics 56, 455–463.Google Scholar
Faber, G, Smid, H, Van Gool, AR, Wunderink, L, Wiersma, D and van den Bosch, RJ (2011) Neurocognition and recovery in first episode psychosis. Psychiatry Research 188, 1–6.Google Scholar
Fett, A-KJ, Viechtbauer, W, Dominguez, M-d-G, Penn, DL, Van Os, J and Krabbendam, L (2011) The relationship between neurocognition and social cognition with functional outcomes in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 35, 573–588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fraguas, D, Merchán-Naranjo, J, Rey-Mejías, Ád, Castro-Fornieles, J, González-Pinto, A, Rapado-Castro, M, Pina-Camacho, L, Díaz-Caneja, CM, Graell, M, Otero, S, Baeza, I, Moreno, C, Martínez-Cengotitabengoa, M, Rodríguez-Toscano, E, Arango, C and Parellada, M (2014) A longitudinal study on the relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and executive function in early-onset first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 158, 126–133.Google Scholar
Francey, SM, Nelson, B, Thompson, A, Parker, AG, Kerr, M, Macneil, C, Fraser, R, Hughes, F, Crisp, K, Harrigan, S, Wood, SJ, Berk, M and McGorry, PD (2010) Who needs antipsychotic medication in the earliest stages of psychosis? A reconsideration of benefits, risks, neurobiology and ethics in the era of early intervention. Schizophrenia Research 119, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fusar-Poli, P, Deste, G, Smieskova, R, Barlati, S, Yung, AR, Howes, O, Stieglitz, R-D, Vita, A, McGuire, P and Borgwardt, S (2012) Cogntive functioning in prodromal psychosis: a meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry 69, 562–571.Google Scholar
Gaynor, K, Dooley, B, Lawlor, E, Lawoyin, LR and O'Callaghan, E (2009) Cognitive deterioration and duration of untreated psychosis. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 3, 157–160.Google Scholar
Goldberg, TE, Burdick, KE, McCormack, J, Napolitano, B, Patel, RC, Sevy, SM, Goldman, R, Lencz, T, Malhotra, AK, Kane, JM and Robinson, DG (2009) Lack of an inverse relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and cognitive function in first episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 107, 262–266.Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Blanch, C, Crespo-Facorro, B, Avarez-Jimenez, M, Rodriguez-Sanchez, JM, Pelayo-Teran, JM, Perez-Iglesias, R and Vazquez-Barquero, JL (2008) Pretreatment predictors of cognitive deficits in early psychosis. Psychological Medicine 38, 737–746.Google Scholar
Guo, X, Li, J, Wang, J, Fan, X, Hu, M, Shen, Y, Chen, H and Zhao, J (2014) Hippocampal and orbital inferior frontal gray matter volume abnormalities and cognitive deficit in treatment-naive, first-episode patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 152, 339–343.Google Scholar
Heeramun-Aubeeluck, A, Liu, N, Fischer, F, Huang, N, Chen, F, He, L, Yang, C, Luo, Y and Lu, Z (2015) Effect of time and duration of untreated psychosis on cognitive and social functioning in Chinese patients with first-episode schizophrenia: a 1-year study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 1–8.Google Scholar
Hegelstad, WT, Larsen, TK, Auestad, B, Evensen, J, Haahr, U, Joa, I, Johannesen, JO, Langeveld, J, Melle, I, Opjordsmoen, S, Rossberg, JI, Rund, BR, Simonsen, E, Sundet, K, Vaglum, P, Friis, S and McGlashan, T (2012) Long-term follow-up of the TIPS early detection in psychosis study: effects on 10-year outcome. American Journal of Psychiatry 169, 374–380.Google Scholar
Hill, SK, Sweeney, JA, Hamer, RM, Keefe, RS, Perkins, DO, Gu, H, McEvoy, JP and Lieberman, JA (2008) Efficiency of the CATIE and BACS neuropsychological batteries in assessing cognitive effects of antipsychotic treatments in schizophrenia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 14, 209–221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ho, BC, Alicata, D, Ward, J, Moser, DJ, O'Leary, DS, Arndt, S and Andreasen, NC (2003) Untreated initial psychosis: relation to cognitive deficits and brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 142–148.Google Scholar
Hoff, AL, Sakuma, M, Razi, K, Heydebrand, G, Csernansky, JG and DeLisi, LE (2000) Lack of association between duration of untreated illness and severity of cognitive and structural brain deficits at the first episode of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 157, 1824–1828.Google Scholar
Joyce, E, Hutton, S, Mutsatsa, S, Gibbins, H, Webb, E, Paul, S, Robbins, T and Barnes, T (2002) Executive dysfunction in first-episode schizophrenia and relationship to duration of untreated psychosis: the West London study. British Journal of Psychiatry 181, S38–S44.Google Scholar
Kafadar, H and Orhan, IB (2016) The relationship between Wisconsin card sorting test and raven standard progressive matrices: a latent variable analysis. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences 8, 48–56.Google Scholar
Kane, JM, Robinson, DG, Schooler, NR, Mueser, KT, Penn, DL, Rosenheck, RA, Addington, J, Brunette, MF, Correll, CU, Estroff, SE, Marcy, P, Robinson, J, Meyer-Kalos, PS, Gottlieb, JD, Glynn, SM, Lynde, DW, Pipes, R, Kurian, BT, Miller, AL, Azrin, ST, Goldstein, AB, Severe, JB, Lin, H, Sint, KJ, John, M and Heinssen, RK (2016) Comprehensive versus usual community care for first-episode psychosis: 2-year outcomes from the NIMH RAISE early treatment program. American Journal of Psychiatry 173, 362–372.Google Scholar
Keshavan, MS, Haas, G, Miewald, J, Montrose, DM, Reddy, R, Schooler, NR and Sweeney, JA (2003) Prolonged untreated illness duration from prodromal onset predicts outcome in first episode psychoses. Schizophrenia Bulletin 29, 757–769.Google Scholar
Kravariti, E, Russo, M, Vassos, E, Morgan, K, Fearon, P, Zanelli, JW, Demjaha, A, Lappin, JM, Tsakanikos, E, Dazzan, P, Morgan, C, Doody, GA, Harrison, G, Jones, PB, Murray, RM and Reichenberg, A (2012) Linear and non-linear associations of symptom dimensions and cognitive function in first-onset psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 140, 221–231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lappin, JM, Morgan, KD, Morgan, C, Dazzan, P, Reichenberg, A, Zanelli, JW, Fearon, P, Jones, PB, Lloyd, T, Tarrant, J, Farrant, A, Leff, J and Murray, RM (2007) Duration of untreated psychosis and neuropsychological function in first episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 95, 103–110.Google Scholar
Lezak, MD, Howieson, DB and Loring, DW (2004) Neuropsychological Assessment. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lutgens, D, Lepage, M, Iyer, S and Malla, A (2014) Predictors of cognition in first episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 152, 164–169.Google Scholar
Marshall, M, Lewis, S, Lockwood, A, Drake, R, Jones, P and Croudace, T (2005) Association between duration of untreated psychosis in cohorts of first-episode outcome patients – a systematic review. Archives of General Psychiatry 62, 975–983.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGlashan, TH (1999) Duration of untreated psychosis in first-episode schizophrenia: marker or determinant of course? Biological Psychiatry 46, 899–907.Google Scholar
McGlashan, TH (2006) Is active psychosis neurotoxic? Schizophrenia Bulletin 32, 609–613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGorry, PD, Hickie, IB, Yung, AR, Pantelis, C and Jackson, HJ (2006) Clinical staging of psychiatric disorders: a heuristic framework for choosing earlier, safer and more effective interventions. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, 616–622.Google Scholar
McGorry, PD, Keshavan, M, Goldstone, S, Amminger, P, Allott, K, Berk, M, Lavoie, S, Pantelis, C, Yung, A, Wood, S and Hickie, I (2014) Biomarkers and clinical staging in psychiatry. World Psychiatry 13, 211–223.Google Scholar
Meier, MH, Caspi, A, Reichenberg, A, Keefe, RSE, Fisher, HL, Harrington, N, Houts, R, Poulton, R and Moffitt, TE (2014) Neuropsychological decline in schizophrenia from the premorbid to the postonset period: evidence from a population-representative longitudinal study. American Journal of Psychiatry 171, 91–101.Google Scholar
Menezes, NM, Arenovich, T and Zipursky, RB (2006) A systematic review of longitudinal outcome studies of first-episode psychosis. Psychological Medicine 36, 1349–1362.Google Scholar
Mesholam-Gately, R, Giuliano, AJ, Faraone, SV, Goff, KP and Seidman, LJ (2009) Neurocognition in first-episode schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology 23, 315–336.Google Scholar
Moher, D, Liberati, A, Tetzlaff, J, Altman, DG and The PRISMA Group (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine 6, e1000097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molina, V, Taboada, D, Aragues, M, Hernandez, JA and Sanz-Fuentenebro, J (2014) Greater clinical and cognitive improvement with clozapine and risperidone associated with a thinner cortex at baseline in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 158, 223–229.Google Scholar
Nair, A, Palmer, EC, Aleman, A and David, AS (2014) Relationship between cognition, clinical and cognitive insight in psychotic disorders: a review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research 152, 191–200.Google Scholar
Norman, RMG, Townsend, L and Malla, AK (2001) Duration of untreated psychosis and cognitive functioning in first-episode patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 179, 340–345.Google Scholar
Nuechterlein, KH, Subotnik, KL, Green, MF, Ventura, J, Asarnow, RF, Gitlin, MJ, Yee, CM, Gretchen-Doorly, D and Mintz, J (2011) Neurocognitive predictors of work outcome in recent-onset schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 37, S33–S40.Google Scholar
Orwin, RC (1983) A fail-safe N for effect size in meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Statistics 8, 157–159.Google Scholar
Pantelis, C, Wannan, C, Bartholomeusz, CF, Allott, K and McGorry, PD (2015) Cognitive intervention in early psychosis – preserving abilities versus remediating deficits. Current Opinion in Behavioural Sciences 4, 63–72.Google Scholar
Parellada, M, Boada, L, Fraguas, D, Reig, S, Castro-Fornieles, J, Moreno, D, Gonzalez-Pinto, A, Otero, S, Rapado-Castro, M, Graell, M, Baeza, I and Arango, C (2011) Trait and state attributes of insight in first episodes of early-onset schizophrenia and other psychoses: a 2-year longitudinal study. Schizophrenia Bulletin 37, 38–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pedersen, A, Siegmund, A, Ohrmann, P, Rist, F, Rothermundt, M, Suslow, T and Arolt, V (2008) Reduced implicit and explicit sequence learning in first-episode schizophrenia. Neuropsychologia 46, 186–195.Google Scholar
Pena, J, Ojeda, N, Segarra, R, Eguiluz, JI, Garcia, J and Gutierrez, M (2011) Executive functioning correctly classified diagnoses in patients with first-episode psychosis: evidence from a 2-year longitudinal study. Schizophrenia Research 126, 77–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Penttila, M, Jaaskelainen, E, Hirvonen, N, Isohanni, M and Miettunen, J (2014) Duration of untreated psychosis as predictor of long-term outcome in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry 205, 88–94.Google Scholar
Perkins, DO, Gu, HB, Boteva, K and Lieberman, JA (2005) Relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: a critical review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry 162, 1785–1804.Google Scholar
Perneger, TV (1998) What's wrong with Bonferroni adjustments. BMJ 316, 1236–1238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petersen, L, Jeppesen, P, Thorup, A, Abel, MB, Ohlenschlaeger, J, Christensen, TO, Krarup, G, Jorgensen, P and Nordentoft, M (2005) A randomised multicentre trial of integrated versus standard treatment for patients with a first episode of psychotic illness. BMJ 331, 602.Google Scholar
Polari, A, Lavoie, S, Sarrasin, P, Pellanda, V, Cotton, S and Conus, P (2011) Duration of untreated psychosis: a proposition regarding treatment definition. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 5, 301–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radua, J and Mataix-Cols, D (2009) Voxel-wise meta-analysis of grey matter changes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 195, 393–402.Google Scholar
Reichenberg, A, Caspi, A, Harrington, H, Houts, R, Keefe, RSE, Murray, RM, Poulton, R and Moffitt, TE (2010) Static and dynamic cognitive deficits in childhood preceding adult schizophrenia: a 30-year study. American Journal of Psychiatry 167, 160–169.Google Scholar
Rigucci, S, Rossi-Espagnet, C, Ferracuti, S, De Carolis, A, Corigliano, V, Carducci, F, Mancinelli, I, Cicone, F, Tatarelli, R, Bozzao, A, Girardi, P and Comparelli, A (2013) Anatomical substrates of cognitive and clinical dimensions in first episode schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 128, 261–270.Google Scholar
Rund, BR (2014) Does active psychosis cause neurobiological pathology? A critical review of the neurotoxicity hypothesis. Psychological Medicine 44, 1577–1590.Google Scholar
Rund, BR, Barder, HE, Evensen, J, Haahr, U, Hegelstad, WT, Joa, I, Johannessen, JO, Langeveld, J, Larsen, TK, Melle, I, Opjordsmoen, S, Rossberg, JI, Simonsen, E, Sundet, K, Vaglum, P, McGlashan, T and Friis, S (2016) Neurocognition and duration of psychosis: a 10-year follow-up of first-episode patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin 42, 87–95.Google ScholarPubMed
Rund, BR, Melle, I, Friis, S, Larsen, TK, Midboe, LJ, Opjordsmoen, S, Simonsen, E, Vaglum, P and McGlashan, T (2004) Neurocognitive dysfunction in first-episode psychosis: correlates with symptoms, premorbid adjustment, and duration of untreated psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry 161, 466–472.Google Scholar
Russell, AJ, Munro, J, Jones, PB, Hayward, P, Hemsley, DR and Murray, RM (2000) The National Adult Reading Test as a measure of premorbid IQ in schizophrenia. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 39(Pt 3), 297–305.Google Scholar
Sheitman, BB and Lieberman, JA (1998) The natural history and pathophysiology of treatment resistant schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research 32, 143–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stroup, DF, Berlin, JA, Morton, SC, Olkin, I, Williamson, GD, Rennie, D, Moher, D, Becker, BJ, Sipe, TA and Thacker, SB (2000) Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA 283, 2008–2012.Google Scholar
Tsui, CF, Huang, J, Lui, SS, Au, AC, Leung, MM, Cheung, EF and Chan, RC (2013) Facial emotion perception abnormality in patients with early schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 147, 230–235.Google Scholar
Ucok, A, Brohan, E, Rose, D, Sartorius, N, Leese, M, Yoon, CK, Plooy, A, Ertekin, BA, Milev, R and Thornicroft, G (2012) Anticipated discrimination among people with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 125, 77–83.Google Scholar
Ucok, A and Ergul, C (2014) Persistent negative symptoms after first episode schizophrenia: a 2-year follow-up study. Schizophrenia Research 158, 241–246.Google Scholar
Ussorio, D, Giusti, L, Wittekind, CE, Bianchini, V, Malavolta, M, Pollice, R, Casacchia, M and Roncone, R (2015) Metacognitive training for young subjects (MCT young version) in the early stages of psychosis: is the duration of untreated psychosis a limiting factor? Psychol Psychother 89, 50–65.Google Scholar
Vohs, JL, Lysaker, PH, Liffick, E, Francis, MM, Leonhardt, BL, James, A, Buck, KD, Hamm, JA, Minor, KS, Mehdiyoun, N and Breier, A (2015) Metacognitive capacity as a predictor of insight in first-episode psychosis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 203, 372–378.Google Scholar
Wang, Q, Vassos, E, Deng, W, Ma, X, Hu, X, Murray, RM, Collier, DA and Li, T (2010) Factor structures of the neurocognitive assessments and familial analysis in first-episode schizophrenia patients, their relatives and controls. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 44, 109–119.Google Scholar
Woodberry, KA, McFarlane, WR, Giuliano, AJ, Verdi, MB, Cook, WL, Faraone, SV and Seidman, LJ (2013) Change in neuropsychological functioning over one year in youth at clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 146, 87–94.Google Scholar
Zhou, FC, Xiang, YT, Wang, CY, Dickerson, F, Kreyenbuhl, J, Ungvari, GS, Au, RW, Zhou, JJ, Zhou, Y, Shum, D, Man, D, Lai, KY, Tang, WK, Yu, X and Chiu, HF (2014) Predictive value of prospective memory for remission in first-episode schizophrenia. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 50, 102–110.Google Scholar
Zhuo, K, Lu, Y, Yang, Z, Fan, X, Song, Z, Liao, L, Ji, C, Zhu, D, Yu, S, Yan, C, Chan, RC, Goff, DC, Xu, Y and Liu, D (2013) Prospective memory performance in patients with drug-naive, first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 143, 285–290.Google Scholar
Zipursky, RB, Reilly, TJ and Murray, RM (2013) The myth of schizophrenia as a progressive brain disease. Schizophrenia Bulletin 39, 1363–1372.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Allott et al supplementary material

Allott et al supplementary material 1

Download Allott et al supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 486.9 KB