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Effects of methylphenidate on executive functioning in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan: a meta-regression analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2016

H. G. H. Tamminga ,
L. Reneman ,
H. M. Huizenga  and
H. M. Geurts
H. G. H. Tamminga*
Affiliation:
Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
L. Reneman
Affiliation:
Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Brain Imaging Center, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
H. M. Huizenga
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
H. M. Geurts
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Research Priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
*
*Address for correspondence: H. G. H. Tamminga, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands. (Email: g.h.tamminga@amc.nl)
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Abstract

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood and adulthood is often treated with the psychostimulant methylphenidate (MPH). However, it is unknown whether cognitive effects of MPH depend on age in individuals with ADHD, while animal studies have suggested age-related effects. In this meta-analysis, we first determined the effects of MPH on response inhibition, working memory and sustained attention, but our main goal was to examine whether these effects are moderated by age. A systematic literature search using PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science and MEDLINE for double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with MPH resulted in 25 studies on response inhibition (n = 775), 13 studies on working memory (n = 559) and 29 studies on sustained attention (n = 956) (mean age range 4.8–50.1 years). The effects of MPH on response inhibition [effect size (ES) = 0.40, p < 0.0001, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.22–0.58], working memory (ES = 0.24, p = 0.053, 95% CI 0.00–0.48) and sustained attention (ES = 0.42, p < 0.0001, 95% CI 26–0.59) were small to moderate. No linear or quadratic age-dependencies were observed, indicating that effects of MPH on executive functions are independent of age in children and adults with ADHD. However, adolescent studies are lacking and needed to conclude a lack of an age-dependency across the lifespan.

Keywords

Ageattention-deficit/hyperactivity disordercognitionexecutive functioningmethylphenidate
Type
Review Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 46 , Issue 9 , July 2016 , pp. 1791 - 1807
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

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