Hostname: page-component-7b9c58cd5d-v2ckm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-03-15T21:25:08.473Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Emotion recognition deficits as predictors of transition in individuals at clinical high risk for schizophrenia: a neurodevelopmental perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 June 2015

C. M. Corcoran ,
J. G. Keilp ,
J. Kayser ,
C. Klim ,
P. D. Butler ,
G. E. Bruder ,
R. C. Gur  and
D. C. Javitt
C. M. Corcoran*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
J. G. Keilp
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
J. Kayser
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
C. Klim
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
P. D. Butler
Affiliation:
Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
G. E. Bruder
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
R. C. Gur
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
D. C. Javitt
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
*
*Address for correspondence: C. Corcoran, M.D., New York State Psychiatric Institute at Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA. (Email: corcora@nyspi.columbia.edu)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background.

Schizophrenia is characterized by profound and disabling deficits in the ability to recognize emotion in facial expression and tone of voice. Although these deficits are well documented in established schizophrenia using recently validated tasks, their predictive utility in at-risk populations has not been formally evaluated.

Method.

The Penn Emotion Recognition and Discrimination tasks, and recently developed measures of auditory emotion recognition, were administered to 49 clinical high-risk subjects prospectively followed for 2 years for schizophrenia outcome, and 31 healthy controls, and a developmental cohort of 43 individuals aged 7–26 years. Deficit in emotion recognition in at-risk subjects was compared with deficit in established schizophrenia, and with normal neurocognitive growth curves from childhood to early adulthood.

Results.

Deficits in emotion recognition significantly distinguished at-risk patients who transitioned to schizophrenia. By contrast, more general neurocognitive measures, such as attention vigilance or processing speed, were non-predictive. The best classification model for schizophrenia onset included both face emotion processing and negative symptoms, with accuracy of 96%, and area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of 0.99. In a parallel developmental study, emotion recognition abilities were found to reach maturity prior to traditional age of risk for schizophrenia, suggesting they may serve as objective markers of early developmental insult.

Conclusions.

Profound deficits in emotion recognition exist in at-risk patients prior to schizophrenia onset. They may serve as an index of early developmental insult, and represent an effective target for early identification and remediation. Future studies investigating emotion recognition deficits at both mechanistic and predictive levels are strongly encouraged.

Keywords

Auditory processingface processingprodromepsychosis
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 45 , Issue 14 , October 2015 , pp. 2959 - 2973
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Addington, J, Penn, D, Woods, SW, Addington, D, Perkins, DO (2008). Facial affect recognition in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 192, 67–68.Google Scholar
Addington, J, Piskulic, D, Perkins, D, Woods, SW, Liu, L, Penn, DL (2012). Affect recognition in people at clinical high risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 140, 87–92.Google Scholar
Addington, J, Saeedi, H, Addington, D (2006). Facial affect recognition: a mediator between cognitive and social functioning in psychosis? Schizophrenia Research 85, 142–150.Google Scholar
Adler, CM, Goldberg, TE, Malhotra, AK, Pickar, D, Breier, A (1998). Effects of ketamine on thought disorder, working memory, and semantic memory in healthy volunteers. Biological Psychiatry 43, 811–816.Google Scholar
Adolphs, R (2009). The social brain: neural basis of social knowledge. Annual Review of Psychology 60, 693–716.Google Scholar
Allott, KA, Schafer, MR, Thompson, A, Nelson, B, Bendall, S, Bartholomeusz, CF, Yuen, HP, McGorry, PD, Schlogelhofer, M, Bechdolf, A, Amminger, GP (2014). Emotion recognition as a predictor of transition to a psychotic disorder in ultra-high risk participants. Schizophrenia Research 153, 25–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amminger, GP, Schafer, MR, Papageorgiou, K, Klier, CM, Schlogelhofer, M, Mossaheb, N, Werneck-Rohrer, S, Nelson, B, McGorry, PD (2012). Emotion recognition in individuals at clinical high-risk for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38, 1030–1039.Google Scholar
Atkinson, AP, Adolphs, R (2011). The neuropsychology of face perception: beyond simple dissociations and functional selectivity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 366, 1726–1738.Google Scholar
Bearden, CE, Wu, KN, Caplan, R, Cannon, TD (2011). Thought disorder and communication deviance as predictors of outcome in youth at clinical high risk for psychosis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 50, 669–680.Google Scholar
Bodatsch, M, Ruhrmann, S, Wagner, M, Muller, R, Schultze-Lutter, F, Frommann, I, Brinkmeyer, J, Gaebel, W, Maier, W, Klosterkotter, J, Brockhaus-Dumke, A (2011). Prediction of psychosis by mismatch negativity. Biological Psychiatry 69, 959–966.Google Scholar
Brunetti, M, Zappasodi, F, Marzetti, L, Perrucci, MG, Cirillo, S, Romani, GL, Pizzella, V, Aureli, T (2014). Do you know what I mean? Brain oscillations and the understanding of communicative intentions. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8, 36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, PD, Abeles, IY, Weiskopf, NG, Tambini, A, Jalbrzikowski, M, Legatt, ME, Zemon, V, Loughead, J, Gur, RC, Javitt, DC (2009). Sensory contributions to impaired emotion processing in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 35, 1095–1107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, PD, Tambini, A, Yovel, G, Jalbrzikowski, M, Ziwich, R, Silipo, G, Kanwisher, N, Javitt, DC (2008). What's in a face? Effects of stimulus duration and inversion on face processing in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 103, 283–292.Google Scholar
Calder, AJ, Young, AW (2005). Understanding the recognition of facial identity and facial expression. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6, 641–651.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannon, TD, Cadenhead, K, Cornblatt, B, Woods, SW, Addington, J, Walker, E, Seidman, LJ, Perkins, D, Tsuang, M, McGlashan, T, Heinssen, R (2008). Prediction of psychosis in youth at high clinical risk: a multisite longitudinal study in North America. Archives of General Psychiatry 65, 28–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin 112, 155–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, M, Prather, A, Town, P, Hynd, G (1990). Neurodevelopmental differences in emotional prosody in normal-children and children with left and right temporal-lobe epilepsy. Brain and Language 38, 122–134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Comparelli, A, Corigliano, V, De Carolis, A, Mancinelli, I, Trovini, G, Ottavi, G, Dehning, J, Tatarelli, R, Brugnoli, R, Girardi, P (2013). Emotion recognition impairment is present early and is stable throughout the course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 143, 65–69.Google Scholar
de Waal, FB (2011). What is an animal emotion? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1224, 191–206.Google Scholar
Demjaha, A, Valmaggia, L, Stahl, D, Byrne, M, McGuire, P (2012). Disorganization/cognitive and negative symptom dimensions in the at-risk mental state predict subsequent transition to psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38, 351–359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeVylder, JE, Muchomba, FM, Gill, KE, Ben-David, S, Walder, DJ, Malaspina, D, Corcoran, CM (2014). Symptom trajectories and psychosis onset in a clinical high-risk cohort: the relevance of subthreshold thought disorder. Schizophrenia Research 159, 278–283.Google Scholar
Dickson, H, Calkins, ME, Kohler, CG, Hodgins, S, Laurens, KR (2014). Misperceptions of facial emotions among youth aged 9–14 years who present multiple antecedents of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 40, 460–468.Google Scholar
Doherty, CP, Fitzsimons, M, Asenbauer, B, Staunton, H (1999). Discrimination of prosody and music by normal children. European Journal of Neurology 6, 221–226.Google Scholar
Dzhelyova, MP, Ellison, A, Atkinson, AP (2011). Event-related repetitive TMS reveals distinct, critical roles for right OFA and bilateral posterior STS in judging the sex and trustworthiness of faces. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, 2782–2796.Google Scholar
Eack, SM, Mermon, DE, Montrose, DM, Miewald, J, Gur, RE, Gur, RC, Sweeney, JA, Keshavan, MS (2010). Social cognition deficits among individuals at familial high risk for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 36, 1081–1088.Google Scholar
Edwards, J, Jackson, HJ, Pattison, PE (2002). Emotion recognition via facial expression and affective prosody in schizophrenia: a methodological review. Clinical Psychology Review 22, 789–832.Google Scholar
Edwards, J, Pattison, PE, Jackson, HJ, Wales, RJ (2001). Facial affect and affective prosody recognition in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 48, 235–253.Google Scholar
Feinberg, TE, Rifkin, A, Schaffer, C, Walker, E (1986). Facial discrimination and emotional recognition in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 43, 276–279.Google Scholar
First, MB, Opler, LA, Hamilton, RM, Linder, J, Linfield, LS, Silver, JM, Toshav, NL, Kahn, D, Williams, JB, Spitzer, RL (1993). Evaluation in an inpatient setting of DTREE, a computer-assisted diagnostic assessment procedure. Comprehensive Psychiatry 34, 171–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fusar-Poli, P, Bonoldi, I, Yung, AR, Borgwardt, S, Kempton, MJ, Valmaggia, L, Barale, F, Caverzasi, E, McGuire, P (2012a). Predicting psychosis: meta-analysis of transition outcomes in individuals at high clinical risk. Archives of General Psychiatry 69, 220–229.Google Scholar
Fusar-Poli, P, Deste, G, Smieskova, R, Barlati, S, Yung, AR, Howes, O, Stieglitz, RD, Vita, A, McGuire, P, Borgwardt, S (2012b). Cognitive functioning in prodromal psychosis: a meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry 69, 562–571.Google Scholar
Gao, X, Maurer, D (2010). A happy story: developmental changes in children's sensitivity to facial expressions of varying intensities. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 107, 67–86.Google Scholar
Gold, R, Butler, P, Revheim, N, Leitman, DI, Hansen, JA, Gur, RC, Kantrowitz, JT, Laukka, P, Juslin, PN, Silipo, GS, Javitt, DC (2012). Auditory emotion recognition impairments in schizophrenia: relationship to acoustic features and cognition. American Journal of Psychiatry 169, 424–432.Google Scholar
Green, MF, Hellemann, G, Horan, WP, Lee, J, Wynn, JK (2012). From perception to functional outcome in schizophrenia: modeling the role of ability and motivation. Archives of General Psychiatry 69, 1216–1224.Google Scholar
Gur, RC, Calkins, ME, Satterthwaite, TD, Ruparel, K, Bilker, WB, Moore, TM, Savitt, AP, Hakonarson, H, Gur, RE (2014). Neurocognitive growth charting in psychosis spectrum youths. JAMA Psychiatry 71, 366–374.Google Scholar
Gur, RC, Richard, J, Calkins, ME, Chiavacci, R, Hansen, JA, Bilker, WB, Loughead, J, Connolly, JJ, Qiu, H, Mentch, FD, Abou-Sleiman, PM, Hakonarson, H, Gur, RE (2012). Age group and sex differences in performance on a computerized neurocognitive battery in children age 8–21. Neuropsychology 26, 251–265.Google Scholar
Gur, RC, Sara, R, Hagendoorn, M, Marom, O, Hughett, P, Macy, L, Turner, T, Bajcsy, R, Posner, A, Gur, RE (2002). A method for obtaining 3-dimensional facial expressions and its standardization for use in neurocognitive studies. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 115, 137–143.Google Scholar
Gur, RE, Kohler, CG, Ragland, JD, Siegel, SJ, Lesko, K, Bilker, WB, Gur, RC (2006). Flat affect in schizophrenia: relation to emotion processing and neurocognitive measures. Schizophrenia Bulletin 32, 279–287.Google Scholar
Habel, U, Koch, K, Kellermann, T, Reske, M, Frommann, N, Wolwer, W, Zilles, K, Shah, NJ, Schneider, F (2010). Training of affect recognition in schizophrenia: neurobiological correlates. Social Neuroscience 5, 92–104.Google Scholar
Haroun, N, Dunn, L, Haroun, A, Cadenhead, KS (2006). Risk and protection in prodromal schizophrenia: ethical implications for clinical practice and future research. Schizophrenia Bulletin 32, 166–178.Google Scholar
Haskins, B, Shutty, MS, Kellogg, E (1995). Affect processing in chronically psychotic patients: development of a reliable assessment tool. Schizophrenia Research 15, 291–297.Google Scholar
Hill, J, Inder, T, Neil, J, Dierker, D, Harwell, J, Van Essen, D (2010). Similar patterns of cortical expansion during human development and evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, 13135–13140.Google Scholar
Hoffman, RE (2007). A social deafferentation hypothesis for induction of active schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 1066–1070.Google Scholar
Horn, H, Federspiel, A, Wirth, M, Muller, TJ, Wiest, R, Walther, S, Strik, W (2010). Gray matter volume differences specific to formal thought disorder in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 182, 183–186.Google Scholar
Javitt, DC (2009). When doors of perception close: bottom-up models of disrupted cognition in schizophrenia. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 5, 249–275.Google Scholar
Juslin, PN, Laukka, P (2001). Impact of intended emotion intensity on cue utilization and decoding accuracy in vocal expression of emotion. Emotion 1, 381–412.Google Scholar
Kantrowitz, JT, Hoptman, MJ, Leitman, DI, Silipo, G, Javitt, DC (2014). The 5% difference: early sensory processing predicts sarcasm perception in schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder. Psychological Medicine 44, 25–36.Google Scholar
Kantrowitz, JT, Leitman, DI, Lehrfeld, JM, Laukka, P, Juslin, PN, Butler, PD, Silipo, G, Javitt, DC (2013). Reduction in tonal discriminations predicts receptive emotion processing deficits in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin 39, 86–93.Google Scholar
Kayser, J, Tenke, CE, Kroppmann, CJ, Alschuler, DM, Ben-David, S, Fekri, S, Bruder, GE, Corcoran, CM (2013). Olfaction in the psychosis prodrome: electrophysiological and behavioral measures of odor detection. International Journal of Psychophysiology 90, 190–206.Google Scholar
Kayser, J, Tenke, CE, Kroppmann, CJ, Alschuler, DM, Fekri, S, Ben-David, S, Corcoran, CM, Bruder, GE (2014). Auditory event-related potentials and alpha oscillations in the psychosis prodrome: neuronal generator patterns during a novelty oddball task. International Journal of Psychophysiology 91, 104–120.Google Scholar
Keilp, JG, Gorlyn, M, Russell, M, Oquendo, MA, Burke, AK, Harkavy-Friedman, J, Mann, JJ (2013). Neuropsychological function and suicidal behavior: attention control, memory and executive dysfunction in suicide attempt. Psychological Medicine 43, 539–551.Google Scholar
Kerr, SL, Neale, JM (1993). Emotion perception in schizophrenia: specific deficit or further evidence of generalized poor performance? Journal of Abnormal Psychology 102, 312–318.Google Scholar
Kimhy, D, Corcoran, C, Harkavy-Friedman, JM, Ritzler, B, Javitt, DC, Malaspina, D (2007). Visual form perception: a comparison of individuals at high risk for psychosis, recent onset schizophrenia and chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 97, 25–34.Google Scholar
Klosterkotter, J, Hellmich, M, Steinmeyer, EM, Schultze-Lutter, F (2001). Diagnosing schizophrenia in the initial prodromal phase. Archives of General Psychiatry 58, 158–164.Google Scholar
Kohler, CG, Richard, JA, Brensinger, CM, Borgmann-Winter, KE, Conroy, CG, Moberg, PJ, Gur, RC, Gur, RE, Calkins, ME (2014). Facial emotion perception differs in young persons at genetic and clinical high-risk for psychosis. Psychiatry Research 216, 206–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohler, CG, Turner, TH, Bilker, WB, Brensinger, CM, Siegel, SJ, Kanes, SJ, Gur, RE, Gur, RC (2003). Facial emotion recognition in schizophrenia: intensity effects and error pattern. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 1768–1774.Google Scholar
Kohler, CG, Walker, JB, Martin, EA, Healey, KM, Moberg, PJ (2010). Facial emotion perception in schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review. Schizophrenia Bulletin 36, 1009–1019.Google Scholar
Koutsouleris, N, Riecher-Rossler, A, Meisenzahl, EM, Smieskova, R, Studerus, E, Kambeitz-Ilankovic, L, von Saldern, S, Cabral, C, Reiser, M, Falkai, P, Borgwardt, S (2015). Detecting the psychosis prodrome across high-risk populations using neuroanatomical biomarkers. Schizophrenia Bulletin 41, 471–482.Google Scholar
Kucharska-Pietura, K, David, AS, Masiak, M, Phillips, ML (2005). Perception of facial and vocal affect by people with schizophrenia in early and late stages of illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 187, 523–528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leitman, DI, Foxe, JJ, Butler, PD, Saperstein, A, Revheim, N, Javitt, DC (2005). Sensory contributions to impaired prosodic processing in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 58, 56–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leitman, DI, Hoptman, MJ, Foxe, JJ, Saccente, E, Wylie, GR, Nierenberg, J, Jalbrzikowski, M, Lim, KO, Javitt, DC (2007). The neural substrates of impaired prosodic detection in schizophrenia and its sensorial antecedents. American Journal of Psychiatry 164, 474–482.Google Scholar
Lemasson, A, Remeuf, K, Rossard, A, Zimmermann, E (2012). Cross-taxa similarities in affect-induced changes of vocal behavior and voice in arboreal monkeys. PLOS ONE 7, e45106.Google Scholar
Lemos-Giraldez, S, Vallina-Fernandez, O, Fernandez-Iglesias, P, Vallejo-Seco, G, Fonseca-Pedrero, E, Paino-Pineiro, M, Sierra-Baigrie, S, Garcia-Pelayo, P, Pedrejon-Molino, C, Alonso-Bada, S, Gutierrez-Perez, A, Ortega-Ferrandez, JA (2009). Symptomatic and functional outcome in youth at ultra-high risk for psychosis: a longitudinal study. Schizophrenia Research 115, 121–129.Google Scholar
Lin, A, Yung, AR, Nelson, B, Brewer, WJ, Riley, R, Simmons, M, Pantelis, C, Wood, SJ (2013). Neurocognitive predictors of transition to psychosis: medium- to long-term findings from a sample at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Psychological Medicine 43, 2349–2360.Google Scholar
Mathers, CD, Lopez, AD, Murray, CJL (2006). The burden of disease and mortality by condition: data, methods, and results for 2001. In Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors (ed. Lopez, A. D., Mathers, C. D., Ezzati, M., Jamison, D. T. and Murray, C. J. L.), chapter 3. World Bank: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Meyer, MB, Kurtz, MM (2009). Elementary neurocognitive function, facial affect recognition and social-skills in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 110, 173–179.Google Scholar
Miller, TJ, Zipursky, RB, Perkins, D, Addington, J, Woods, SW, Hawkins, KA, Hoffman, R, Preda, A, Epstein, I, Addington, D, Lindborg, S, Marquez, E, Tohen, M, Breier, A, McGlashan, TH (2003). The PRIME North America randomized double-blind clinical trial of olanzapine versus placebo in patients at risk of being prodromally symptomatic for psychosis. II. Baseline characteristics of the “prodromal” sample. Schizophrenia Research 61, 19–30.Google Scholar
Morton, JB, Trehub, SE (2001). Children's understanding of emotion in speech. Child Development 72, 834–843.Google Scholar
Nelson, B, Yuen, HP, Wood, SJ, Lin, A, Spiliotacopoulos, D, Bruxner, A, Broussard, C, Simmons, M, Foley, DL, Brewer, WJ, Francey, SM, Amminger, GP, Thompson, A, McGorry, PD, Yung, AR (2013). Long-term follow-up of a group at ultra high risk (“prodromal”) for psychosis: the PACE 400 study. JAMA Psychiatry 70, 793–802.Google Scholar
Nieman, DH, Ruhrmann, S, Dragt, S, Soen, F, van Tricht, MJ, Koelman, JH, Bour, LJ, Velthorst, E, Becker, HE, Weiser, M, Linszen, DH, de Haan, L (2014). Psychosis prediction: stratification of risk estimation with information-processing and premorbid functioning variables. Schizophrenia Bulletin 40, 1482–1490.Google Scholar
Nooner, KB, Colcombe, SJ, Tobe, RH, Mennes, M, Benedict, MM, Moreno, AL, Panek, LJ, Brown, S, Zavitz, ST, Li, Q, Sikka, S, Gutman, D, Bangaru, S, Schlachter, RT, Kamiel, SM, Anwar, AR, Hinz, CM, Kaplan, MS, Rachlin, AB, Adelsberg, S, Cheung, B, Khanuja, R, Yan, C, Craddock, CC, Calhoun, V, Courtney, W, King, M, Wood, D, Cox, CL, Kelly, AM, Di Martino, A, Petkova, E, Reiss, PT, Duan, N, Thomsen, D, Biswal, B, Coffey, B, Hoptman, MJ, Javitt, DC, Pomara, N, Sidtis, JJ, Koplewicz, HS, Castellanos, FX, Leventhal, BL, Milham, MP (2012). The NKI-Rockland sample: a model for accelerating the pace of discovery science in psychiatry. Frontiers in Neuroscience 6, 152.Google Scholar
Nuechterlein, KH, Green, MF (2006). MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery. MATRICS Assessment, Inc.: Los Angeles, CA.Google Scholar
Ozyurek, A (2014). Hearing and seeing meaning in speech and gesture: insights from brain and behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 369, 0130296.Google Scholar
Perez, VB, Shafer, KM, Cadenhead, KS (2012). Visual information processing dysfunction across the developmental course of early psychosis. Psychological Medicine 42, 2167–2179.Google Scholar
Perez, VB, Woods, SW, Roach, BJ, Ford, JM, McGlashan, TH, Srihari, VH, Mathalon, DH (2014). Automatic auditory processing deficits in schizophrenia and clinical high-risk patients: forecasting psychosis risk with mismatch negativity. Biological Psychiatry 75, 459–469.Google Scholar
Perkins, DO, Jeffries, CD, Addington, J, Bearden, CE, Cadenhead, KS, Cannon, TD, Cornblatt, BA, Mathalon, DH, McGlashan, TH, Seidman, LJ, Tsuang, MT, Walker, EF, Woods, SW, Heinssen, R (2015). Towards a psychosis risk blood diagnostic for persons experiencing high-risk symptoms: preliminary results from the NAPLS project. Schizophrenia Bulletin 41, 419–428.Google Scholar
Pinkham, AE, Brensinger, C, Kohler, C, Gur, RE, Gur, RC (2011). Actively paranoid patients with schizophrenia over attribute anger to neutral faces. Schizophrenia Research 125, 174–178.Google Scholar
Piskulic, D, Addington, J, Cadenhead, KS, Cannon, TD, Cornblatt, BA, Heinssen, R, Perkins, DO, Seidman, LJ, Tsuang, MT, Walker, EF, Woods, SW, McGlashan, TH (2012). Negative symptoms in individuals at clinical high risk of psychosis. Psychiatry Research 196, 220–224.Google Scholar
Premkumar, P, Cooke, MA, Fannon, D, Peters, E, Michel, TM, Aasen, I, Murray, RM, Kuipers, E, Kumari, V (2008). Misattribution bias of threat-related facial expressions is related to a longer duration of illness and poor executive function in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. European Psychiatry 23, 14–19.Google Scholar
Rama, P, Relander-Syrjanen, K, Carlson, S, Salonen, O, Kujala, T (2012). Attention and semantic processing during speech: an fMRI study. Brain Language 122, 114–119.Google Scholar
Revheim, NC, Corcoran, CM, Dias, E, Hellmann, E, Martinez, A, Butler, PD, Lehfeld, JM, DiCostanzo, J, Albert, J, Javitt, DC (2014). Reading deficits in established and prodromal schizophrenia: further evidence for early visual and later auditory dysfunction in the course of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 171, 949–959.Google Scholar
Roalf, DR, Gur, RE, Ruparel, K, Calkins, ME, Satterthwaite, TD, Bilker, WB, Hakonarson, H, Harris, LJ, Gur, RC (2014). Within-individual variability in neurocognitive performance: age- and sex-related differences in children and youths from ages 8 to 21. Neuropsychology 28, 506–518.Google Scholar
Rosenqvist, J, Lahti-Nuuttila, P, Laasonen, M, Korkman, M (2013). Preschoolers’ recognition of emotional expressions: relationships with other neurocognitive capacities. Child Neuropsychology 20, 281–302.Google Scholar
Ruhrmann, S, Schultze-Lutter, F, Salokangas, RK, Heinimaa, M, Linszen, D, Dingemans, P, Birchwood, M, Patterson, P, Juckel, G, Heinz, A, Morrison, A, Lewis, S, von Reventlow, HG, Klosterkotter, J (2010). Prediction of psychosis in adolescents and young adults at high risk: results from the prospective European prediction of psychosis study. Archives of General Psychiatry 67, 241–251.Google Scholar
Ruopp, MD, Perkins, NJ, Whitcomb, BW, Schisterman, EF (2008). Youden Index and optimal cut-point estimated from observations affected by a lower limit of detection. Biomedical Journal 50, 419–430.Google Scholar
Said, CP, Haxby, JV, Todorov, A (2011). Brain systems for assessing the affective value of faces. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 366, 1660–1670.Google Scholar
Seidman, LJ, Giuliano, AJ, Meyer, EC, Addington, J, Cadenhead, KS, Cannon, TD, McGlashan, TH, Perkins, DO, Tsuang, MT, Walker, EF, Woods, SW, Bearden, CE, Christensen, BK, Hawkins, K, Heaton, R, Keefe, RS, Heinssen, R, Cornblatt, BA, North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study G (2010). Neuropsychology of the prodrome to psychosis in the NAPLS consortium: relationship to family history and conversion to psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry 67, 578–588.Google Scholar
Silver, H, Shlomo, N, Turner, T, Gur, RC (2002). Perception of happy and sad facial expressions in chronic schizophrenia: evidence for two evaluative systems. Schizophrenia Research 55, 171–177.Google Scholar
Taylor, SF, MacDonald, AW III (2012). Brain mapping biomarkers of socio-emotional processing in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38, 73–80.Google Scholar
Thompson, A, Papas, A, Bartholomeusz, C, Allott, K, Amminger, GP, Nelson, B, Wood, S, Yung, A (2012). Social cognition in clinical “at risk” for psychosis and first episode psychosis populations. Schizophrenia Research 141, 204–209.Google Scholar
Valmaggia, LR, Stahl, D, Yung, AR, Nelson, B, Fusar-Poli, P, McGorry, PD, McGuire, PK (2013). Negative psychotic symptoms and impaired role functioning predict transition outcomes in the at-risk mental state: a latent class cluster analysis study. Psychological Medicine 43, 2311–2325.Google Scholar
van Rijn, S, Aleman, A, de Sonneville, L, Sprong, M, Ziermans, T, Schothorst, P, van Engeland, H, Swaab, H (2011). Misattribution of facial expressions of emotion in adolescents at increased risk of psychosis: the role of inhibitory control. Psychological Medicine 41, 499–508.Google Scholar
Velthorst, E, Nieman, DH, Becker, HE, van de Fliert, R, Dingemans, PM, Klaassen, R, de Haan, L, van Amelsvoort, T, Linszen, DH (2009). Baseline differences in clinical symptomatology between ultra high risk subjects with and without a transition to psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 109, 60–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vicari, S, Reilly, JS, Pasqualetti, P, Vizzotto, A, Caltagirone, C (2000). Recognition of facial expressions of emotions in school-age children: the intersection of perceptual and semantic categories. Acta Paediatrica 89, 836–845.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D (1997). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, third edn. Administration and Scoring Manual. Psychological Corporation: San Antonio, TX.Google Scholar
Wolwer, W, Brinkmeyer, J, Stroth, S, Streit, M, Bechdolf, A,Ruhrmann, S, Wagner, M, Gaebel, W (2012). Neurophysiological correlates of impaired facial affect recognition in individuals at risk for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38, 1021–1029.Google Scholar
Wolwer, W, Frommann, N (2011). Social-cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: generalization of effects of the Training of Affect Recognition (TAR). Schizophrenia Bulletin 37 (Suppl. 2), S63–S70.Google Scholar
Yeap, S, Kelly, SP, Sehatpour, P, Magno, E, Javitt, DC, Garavan, H, Thakore, JH, Foxe, JJ (2006). Early visual sensory deficits as endophenotypes for schizophrenia: high-density electrical mapping in clinically unaffected first-degree relatives. Archives of General Psychiatry 63, 1180–1188.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Corcoran supplementary material

Figures S1-S2

Download Corcoran supplementary material(File)
File 311.8 KB