Hostname: page-component-7b9c58cd5d-hpxsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-03-13T14:33:40.660Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Functional connectivity for face processing in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder and anorexia nervosa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 July 2015

T. D. Moody ,
M. A. Sasaki ,
C. Bohon ,
M. A. Strober ,
S. Y. Bookheimer ,
C. L. Sheen  and
J. D. Feusner
T. D. Moody*
Affiliation:
Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
M. A. Sasaki
Affiliation:
Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
C. Bohon
Affiliation:
Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
M. A. Strober
Affiliation:
Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
S. Y. Bookheimer
Affiliation:
Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
C. L. Sheen
Affiliation:
Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
J. D. Feusner
Affiliation:
Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
*
*Address for correspondence: T. D. Moody, Ph.D., Psychiatry UCLA Semel Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1759, USA. (Email: tmoody@g.ucla.edu)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background.

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and anorexia nervosa (AN) are both characterized by distorted perception of appearance. Previous studies in BDD suggest abnormalities in visual processing of own and others’ faces, but no study has examined visual processing of faces in AN, nor directly compared the two disorders in this respect.

Method.

We collected functional magnetic resonance imaging data on 60 individuals of equivalent age and gender in each of three groups – 20 BDD, 20 weight-restored AN, and 20 healthy controls (HC) – while they viewed images of others’ faces that contained only high or low spatial frequency information (HSF or LSF). We tested hypotheses about functional connectivity within specialized sub-networks for HSF and LSF visual processing, using psychophysiological interaction analyses.

Results.

The BDD group demonstrated increased functional connectivity compared to HC between left anterior occipital face area and right fusiform face area (FFA) for LSF faces, which was associated with symptom severity. Both BDD and AN groups had increased connectivity compared to HC between FFA and precuneous/posterior cingulate gyrus for LSF faces, and decreased connectivity between FFA and insula. In addition, we found that LSF connectivity between FFA and posterior cingulate gyrus was significantly associated with thoughts about own appearance in AN.

Conclusions.

Results suggest similar abnormal functional connectivity within higher-order systems for face processing in BDD and AN, but distinct abnormal connectivity patterns within occipito-temporal visual networks. Findings may have implications for understanding relationships between these disorders, and the pathophysiology underlying perceptual distortions.

Keywords

Anorexia nervosabody dysmorphic disorderfunctional connectivitypsychophysiological interaction
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 45 , Issue 16 , December 2015 , pp. 3491 - 3503
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arienzo, D, Leow, A, Brown, JA, Zhan, L, Gadelkarim, J, Hovav, S, Feusner, JD (2013). Abnormal brain network organization in body dysmorphic disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 38, 1130–1139.Google Scholar
Berman, MG, Peltier, S, Nee, DE, Kross, E, Deldin, PJ, Jonides, J (2011). Depression, rumination and the default network. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 6, 548–555.Google Scholar
Bolte, S, Hubl, D, Feineis-Matthews, S, Prvulovic, D, Dierks, T, Poustka, F (2006). Facial affect recognition training in autism: can we animate the fusiform gyrus? Behavioral Neuroscience 120, 211–216.Google Scholar
Buchanan, B, Rossell, S, Maller, JJ (2013). Brain connectivity in body dysmorphic disorder compared with controls: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Biological Psychiatry 73, 306S–306S.Google Scholar
Buhlmann, U, Glaesmer, H, Mewes, R, Fama, JM, Wilhelm, S, Brahler, E, Rief, W (2010). Updates on the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder: a population-based survey. Psychiatry Research 178, 171–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bullier, J (2001). Integrated model of visual processing. Brain Research Reviews 36, 96–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cavanna, AE, Trimble, MR (2006). The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates. Brain 129, 564–583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cororve, MB, Gleaves, DH (2001). Body dysmorphic disorder: a review of conceptualizations, assessment, and treatment strategies. Clinial Psychological Review 21, 949–970.Google Scholar
Cowdrey, FA, Filippini, N, Park, RJ, Smith, SM, McCabe, C (2014). Increased resting state functional connectivity in the default mode network in recovered anorexia nervosa. Human Brain Mapping 35, 483–491.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies-Thompson, J, Andrews, TJ (2012). Intra- and interhemispheric connectivity between face-selective regions in the human brain. Journal of Neurophysiology 108, 3087–3095.Google Scholar
Eisen, JL, Phillips, KA, Baer, L, Beer, DA, Atala, KD, Rasmussen, SA (1998). The brown assessment of beliefs scale: reliability and validity. American Journal of Psychiatry 155, 102–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisen, JL, Phillips, KA, Coles, ME, Rasmussen, SA (2004). Insight in obsessive compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry 45, 10–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esterman, M, Tamber-Rosenau, BJ, Chiu, YC, Yantis, S (2010). Avoiding non-independence in fMRI data analysis: leave one subject out. Neuroimage 50, 572–576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fairburn, CG, Cooper, Z, O'Connor, ME (2008). Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Eating Disorders. The Guilford Press: New York.Google Scholar
Feusner, JD, Arienzo, D, Li, W, Zhan, L, GadElkarim, J, Thompson, PM, Leow, AD (2013). White matter microstructure in body dysmorphic disorder and its clinical correlates. Psychiatry Research-Neuroimaging 211, 132–140.Google Scholar
Feusner, JD, Hembacher, E, Moller, H, Moody, TD (2011). Abnormalities of object visual processing in body dysmorphic disorder. Psychological Medicine 41, 2385–2397.Google Scholar
Feusner, JD, Moody, T, Townsend, J, McKinley, M, Hembacher, E, Moller, H, Bookheimer, S (2010). Abnormalities of visual processing and frontostriatal systems in body dysmorphic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 67, 197–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feusner, JD, Townsend, J, Bystritsky, A, Bookheimer, S (2007). Visual information processing of faces in body dysmorphic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 64, 1417–1425.Google Scholar
Fox, CJ, Iaria, G, Barton, JJ (2009). Defining the face processing network: optimization of the functional localizer in fMRI. Human Brain Mapping 30, 1637–1651.Google Scholar
Frank, GK, Reynolds, JR, Shott, ME, Jappe, L, Yang, TT, Tregellas, JR, O'Reilly, RC (2012). Anorexia nervosa and obesity are associated with opposite brain reward response. Neuropsychopharmacology 37, 2031–2046.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friston, KJ, Buechel, C, Fink, GR, Morris, J, Rolls, E, Dolan, RJ (1997). Psychophysiological and modulatory interactions in neuroimaging. Neuroimage 6, 218–229.Google Scholar
Gobbini, MI, Haxby, JV (2007). Neural systems for recognition of familiar faces. Neuropsychologia 45, 32–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, JE, Kim, SW, Eckert, ED (2002). Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with anorexia nervosa: prevalence, clinical features, and delusionality of body image. International Journal of Eating Disorders 32, 291–300.Google Scholar
Grant, JE, Phillips, KA (2004). Is anorexia nervosa a subtype of body dysmorphic disorder? Probably not, but read on. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 12, 123–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gusnard, DA, Akbudak, E, Shulman, GL, Raichle, ME (2001). Medial prefrontal cortex and self-referential mental activity: relation to a default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98, 4259–4264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, M (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. The British Journal of Medical Psychology 32, 50–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes, S (2005). Get Out of Your Mind and Into Your Life: The New Acceptance and Commitment Therpay. New Harbinger Publications Inc.: Oakland, CA.Google Scholar
Hegde, J (2008). Time course of visual perception: coarse-to-fine processing and beyond. Progress in Neurobiology 84, 405–439.Google Scholar
Hrabosky, JI, Cash, TF, Veale, D, Neziroglu, F, Soll, EA, Garner, DM, Strachan-Kinser, M, Bakke, B, Clauss, LJ, Phillips, KA (2009). Multidimensional body image comparisons among patients with eating disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, and clinical controls: a multisite study. Body Image 6, 155–163.Google Scholar
Iidaka, T, Yamashita, K, Kashikura, K, Yonekura, Y (2004). Spatial frequency of visual image modulates neural responses in the temporo-occipital lobe. An investigation with event-related fMRI. Brain Research Cognitive Brain Research 18, 196–204.Google Scholar
Insel, TR, Cuthbert, BN (2009). Endophenotypes: bridging genomic complexity and disorder heterogeneity. Biological Psychiatry 66, 988–989.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keel, PK, Dorer, DJ, Franko, DL, Jackson, SC, Herzog, DB (2005). Postremission predictors of relapse in women with eating disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 162, 2263–2268.Google Scholar
Kim, KR, Ku, J, Lee, JH, Lee, H, Jung, YC (2012). Functional and effective connectivity of anterior insula in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Neuroscience Letters 521, 152–157.Google Scholar
Kingston, K, Szmukler, G, Andrewes, D, Tress, B, Desmond, P (1996). Neuropsychological and structural brain changes in anorexia nervosa before and after refeeding. Psychological Medicine 26, 15–28.Google Scholar
Kollei, I, Brunhoeber, S, Rauh, E, de Zwaan, M, Martin, A (2012). Body image, emotions and thought control strategies in body dysmorphic disorder compared to eating disorders and healthy controls. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 72, 321–327.Google Scholar
Koran, LM, Abujaoude, E, Large, MD, Serpe, RT (2008). The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in the United States adult population. CNS Spectrums 13, 316–322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kullmann, S, Giel, KE, Teufel, M, Thiel, A, Zipfel, S, Preissl, H (2014). Aberrant network integrity of the inferior frontal cortex in women with anorexia nervosa. Neuroimage: Clinical 4, 615–622.Google Scholar
McAdams, CJ, Krawczyk, DC (2014). Who am I? How do I look? Neural differences in self-identity in anorexia nervosa. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 9, 12–21.Google Scholar
McFadden, KL, Tregellas, JR, Shott, ME, Frank, GK (2014). Reduced salience and default mode network activity in women with anorexia nervosa. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 39, 178–188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montgomery, SA, Asberg, M (1979). A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. British Journal of Psychiatry 134, 382–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nan, W, Wan, F, Lou, CI, Vai, MI, Rosa, A (2013). Peripheral visual performance enhancement by neurofeedback training. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 38, 285–291.Google Scholar
Oldfield, RC (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia 9, 97–113.Google Scholar
Phillips, KA (2005). The Broken Mirror. Oxford University Press: New York.Google Scholar
Phillips, KA, Atala, KD, Pope, HG Jr. (1995). Diagnostic Instruments for body dysmorphic disorder. In American Psychiatric Association 148th Annual Meeting, p. 157: Miami, FL.Google Scholar
Phillips, KA, Hollander, E, Rasmussen, SA, Aronowitz, BR, DeCaria, C, Goodman, WK (1997). A severity rating scale for body dysmorphic disorder: development, reliability, and validity of a modified version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 33, 17–22.Google Scholar
Phillips, KA, Kaye, WH (2007). The relationship of body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders to obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectrums 12, 347–358.Google Scholar
Rabe-Jablonska Jolanta, J, Sobow Tomasz, M (2000). The links between body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders. European Psychiatry 15, 302–305.Google Scholar
Raichle, ME, MacLeod, AM, Snyder, AZ, Powers, WJ, Gusnard, DA, Shulman, GL (2001). A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98, 676–682.Google Scholar
Rief, W, Buhlmann, U, Wilhelm, S, Borkenhagen, A, Brahler, E (2006). The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder: a population-based survey. Psychological Medicine 36, 877–885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosen, JC, Ramirez, E (1998). A comparison of eating disorders and body dysmorphic disorder on body image and psychological adjustment. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 44, 441–449.Google Scholar
Rotshtein, P, Vuilleumier, P, Winston, J, Driver, J, Dolan, R (2007). Distinct and convergent visual processing of high and low spatial frequency information in faces. Cerebral Cortex 17, 2713–2724.Google Scholar
Ruffolo, J, Phillips, K, Menard, W, Fay, C, Weisberg, R (2006). Comorbidity of body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders: severity of psychopathology and body image disturbance. International Journal of Eating Disorders 39, 11–19.Google Scholar
Ruiz-Soler, M, Beltran, FS (2006). Face perception: an integrative review of the role of spatial frequencies. Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung 70, 273–292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sachdev, P, Mondraty, N, Wen, W, Gulliford, K (2008). Brains of anorexia nervosa patients process self-images differently from non-self-images: an fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 46, 2161–2168.Google Scholar
Seeley, WW, Menon, V, Schatzberg, AF, Keller, J, Glover, GH, Kenna, H, Reiss, AL, Greicius, MD (2007). Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control. Journal of Neuroscience 27, 2349–2356.Google Scholar
Sheehan, DV, Lecrubier, Y, Sheehan, KH, Amorim, P, Janavs, J, Weiller, E, Hergueta, T, Baker, R, Dunbar, GC (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 59(Suppl 20), 22–33.Google Scholar
Shin, MS, Park, SY, Park, SR, Seol, SH, Kwon, JS (2006). Clinical and empirical applications of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test. Nat Protoc 1, 892–899.Google Scholar
Shipp, S (2001). Corticopulvinar connections of areas V5, V4, and V3 in the macaque monkey: a dual model of retinal and cortical topographies. Journal of Comparative Neurology 439, 469–490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shipp, S, Zeki, S (1995). Segregation and convergence of specialised pathways in macaque monkey visual cortex. Journal of Anatomy 187, 547–562.Google Scholar
Suchan, B, Bauser, DS, Busch, M, Schulte, D, Gronemeyer, D, Herpertz, S, Vocks, S (2013). Reduced connectivity between the left fusiform body area and the extrastriate body area in anorexia nervosa is associated with body image distortion. Behavioral Brain Research 241, 80–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swinbourne, JM, Touyz, SW (2007). The co-morbidity of eating disorders and anxiety disorders: a review. European Eating Disorders Review 15, 253–274.Google Scholar
Uher, R, Murphy, T, Friederich, HC, Dalgleish, T, Brammer, MJ, Giampietro, V, Phillips, ML, Andrew, CM, Ng, VW, Williams, SC, Campbell, IC, Treasure, J (2005). Functional neuroanatomy of body shape perception in healthy and eating-disordered women. Biological Psychiatry 58, 990–997.Google Scholar
Vocks, S, Busch, M, Schulte, D, Gronermeyer, D, Herpertz, S, Suchan, B (2010). Effects of body image therapy on the activation of the extrastriate body area in anorexia nervosa: an fMRI study. Psychiatry Research 183, 114–118.Google Scholar
Wagner, A, Ruf, M, Braus, DF, Schmidt, MH (2003). Neuronal activity changes and body image distortion in anorexia nervosa. Neuroreport 14, 2193–2197.Google Scholar
Worsley, KJ (2001). Statistical analysis of activation images. In Functional MRI: An Introduction to Methods (ed. Jezzard, P., Matthews, P. M. and Smith, S. M.), pp. 251–270. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Moody supplementary material

Moody supplementary material 1

Download Moody supplementary material(File)
File 2.8 MB