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Genetic and environmental contributions to retrospectively reported DSM-IV childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 September 2007

B. C. Haberstick ,
D. Timberlake ,
C. J. Hopfer ,
J. M. Lessem ,
M. A. Ehringer  and
J. K Hewitt
B. C. Haberstick*
Affiliation:
Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, CO, USA
D. Timberlake
Affiliation:
Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
C. J. Hopfer
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, CO, USA
J. M. Lessem
Affiliation:
Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
M. A. Ehringer
Affiliation:
Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
J. K Hewitt
Affiliation:
Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
*
*Address for correspondence: Dr B. C. Haberstick, Institute of Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Campus Box 0447, Boulder, CO 80309-0447, USA. (Email: Brett.Haberstick@Colorado.edu)
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Abstract

Background

A variety of methodologies and techniques converge on the notion that adults and children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have similar deficits, but there is limited knowledge about whether adult retrospective reports reflect similar genetic and environmental influences implicated in childhood ADHD.

Method

DSM-IV ADHD symptoms were collected retrospectively from 3896 young adults participating in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Responses from this genetically informative sample of same- and opposite-sex twins and siblings were used to determine the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences. Possible gender differences in these effects were also examined. The degree of familial specificity of the genetic and environmental influences on the Inattentive and Hyperactive-Impulsive symptom dimensions was also determined.

Results

Additive genetic effects contributed moderately to DSM-IV Inattentive, Hyperactive-Impulsive and Combined ADHD subtypes (heritability estimates of 0.30–0.38). Individual-specific influences accounted for the remaining proportion of the variance. Both genetic and individual-specific environmental effects contributed to the covariation of Inattentive and Hyperactive-Impulsive symptomologies.

Conclusions

Results from our genetic analyses agree with previous findings based on self-assessment of current and retrospectively reported ADHD symptoms in adolescents and adults. Large individual-specific environmental influences as identified here suggest that current questionnaires used for retrospective diagnoses may not provide the most accurate reconstruction of the etiological influences on childhood ADHD in general population samples.

Keywords

Add Healthadult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)geneticsretrospective
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 38 , Issue 7 , July 2008 , pp. 1057 - 1066
Copyright
Copyright © 2007 Cambridge University Press

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