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Neural substrates of behavioral variability in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: based on ex-Gaussian reaction time distribution and diffusion spectrum imaging tractography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 August 2013

H.-Y. Lin ,
S. S.-F. Gau ,
S. L. Huang-Gu ,
C.-Y. Shang ,
Y.-H. Wu  and
W.-Y. I. Tseng
H.-Y. Lin
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
S. S.-F. Gau*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Psychology, School of Occupational Therapy, and Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
S. L. Huang-Gu
Affiliation:
Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences and Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
C.-Y. Shang
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
Y.-H. Wu
Affiliation:
School of Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
W.-Y. I. Tseng*
Affiliation:
Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan Center for Optoelectronic Biomedicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
*
*Address for correspondence: S. S.-F. Gau, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan. (Email: gaushufe@ntu.edu.tw) [S. S.-F. Gau] (Email: wytseng@ntu.edu.tw) [W.-Y. I. Tseng]
*Address for correspondence: S. S.-F. Gau, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan. (Email: gaushufe@ntu.edu.tw) [S. S.-F. Gau] (Email: wytseng@ntu.edu.tw) [W.-Y. I. Tseng]
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Abstract

Background

Increased intra-individual variability (IIV) in reaction time (RT) across various tasks is one ubiquitous neuropsychological finding in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, neurobiological underpinnings of IIV in individuals with ADHD have not yet been fully delineated. The ex-Gaussian distribution has been proved to capture IIV in RT. The authors explored the three parameters [μ (mu), σ (sigma), τ (tau)] of an ex-Gaussian RT distribution derived from the Conners' continuous performance test (CCPT) and their correlations with the microstructural integrity of the frontostriatal–caudate tracts and the cingulum bundles.

Method

We assessed 28 youths with ADHD (8–17 years; 25 males) and 28 age-, sex-, IQ- and handedness-matched typically developing (TD) youths using the CCPT, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 3rd edition and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Microstructural integrity, indexed by generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA), was measured by diffusion spectrum imaging tractrography on a 3-T MRI system.

Results

Youths with ADHD had larger σ (s.d. of Gaussian distribution) and τ (mean of exponential distribution) and reduced GFA in four bilateral frontostriatal tracts. With increased inter-stimulus intervals of CCPT, the magnitude of greater τ in ADHD than TD increased. In ADHD youths, the cingulum bundles and frontostriatal integrity were associated with three ex-Gaussian parameters and with μ (mean of Gaussian distribution) and τ, respectively; while only frontostriatal GFA was associated with μ and τ in TD youths.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest the crucial role of the integrity of the cingulum bundles in accounting for IIV in ADHD. Involvement of different brain systems in mediating IIV may relate to a distinctive pathophysiological processing and/or adaptive compensatory mechanism.

Keywords

Attention deficit hyperactivity disordercingulumdiffusion spectrum imagingex-Gaussian distribution of reaction timefrontostriatal tractsintra-individual variabilitymicrostructural integrity
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 44 , Issue 8 , June 2014 , pp. 1751 - 1764
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

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