Hostname: page-component-66644f4456-swwnq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-12T12:02:36.946Z Has data issue: true hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Non-suicidal self-injury among first-year college students and its association with mental disorders: results from the World Mental Health International College Student (WMH-ICS) initiative

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 June 2021

Glenn Kiekens Open the ORCID record for Glenn Kiekens [Opens in a new window] ,
Penelope Hasking Open the ORCID record for Penelope Hasking [Opens in a new window] ,
Ronny Bruffaerts Open the ORCID record for Ronny Bruffaerts [Opens in a new window] ,
Jordi Alonso Open the ORCID record for Jordi Alonso [Opens in a new window] ,
Randy P. Auerbach Open the ORCID record for Randy P. Auerbach [Opens in a new window] ,
Jason Bantjes Open the ORCID record for Jason Bantjes [Opens in a new window] ,
Corina Benjet Open the ORCID record for Corina Benjet [Opens in a new window] ,
Mark Boyes Open the ORCID record for Mark Boyes [Opens in a new window] ,
Wai Tat Chiu  and
Laurence Claes Open the ORCID record for Laurence Claes [Opens in a new window]
...Show all authors
Glenn Kiekens*
Affiliation:
Center for Public Health Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Penelope Hasking
Affiliation:
School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
Ronny Bruffaerts
Affiliation:
Center for Public Health Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Institute for Social Research, Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Jordi Alonso
Affiliation:
Health Services Research Unit, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
Randy P. Auerbach
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, USA
Jason Bantjes
Affiliation:
Department of Global Health, Institute for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
Corina Benjet
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiologic and Psychosocial Research, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
Mark Boyes
Affiliation:
School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
Wai Tat Chiu
Affiliation:
Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Laurence Claes
Affiliation:
Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Pim Cuijpers
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
David D. Ebert
Affiliation:
Department for Sport and Health Sciences, Chair for Psychology & Digital Mental Health Care, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
Arthur Mak
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
Philippe Mortier
Affiliation:
Health Services Research Unit, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
Siobhan O'Neill
Affiliation:
School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Derry-Londonderry, Northern Ireland
Nancy A. Sampson
Affiliation:
Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Dan J. Stein
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health and South African Medical Council Research Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
Gemma Vilagut
Affiliation:
Health Services Research Unit, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
Matthew K. Nock
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
Ronald C. Kessler
Affiliation:
Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Glenn Kiekens, E-mail: Glenn.Kiekens@kuleuven.be
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Although non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is an issue of major concern to colleges worldwide, we lack detailed information about the epidemiology of NSSI among college students. The objectives of this study were to present the first cross-national data on the prevalence of NSSI and NSSI disorder among first-year college students and its association with mental disorders.

Methods

Data come from a survey of the entering class in 24 colleges across nine countries participating in the World Mental Health International College Student (WMH-ICS) initiative assessed in web-based self-report surveys (20 842 first-year students). Using retrospective age-of-onset reports, we investigated time-ordered associations between NSSI and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-IV) mood (major depressive and bipolar disorder), anxiety (generalized anxiety and panic disorder), and substance use disorders (alcohol and drug use disorder).

Results

NSSI lifetime and 12-month prevalence were 17.7% and 8.4%. A positive screen of 12-month DSM-5 NSSI disorder was 2.3%. Of those with lifetime NSSI, 59.6% met the criteria for at least one mental disorder. Temporally primary lifetime mental disorders predicted subsequent onset of NSSI [median odds ratio (OR) 2.4], but these primary lifetime disorders did not consistently predict 12-month NSSI among respondents with lifetime NSSI. Conversely, even after controlling for pre-existing mental disorders, NSSI consistently predicted later onset of mental disorders (median OR 1.8) as well as 12-month persistence of mental disorders among students with a generalized anxiety disorder (OR 1.6) and bipolar disorder (OR 4.6).

Conclusions

NSSI is common among first-year college students and is a behavioral marker of various common mental disorders.

Keywords

Adolescencecollege studentsemerging adulthoodmental disordersnon-suicidal self-injury
Type
Original Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 53 , Issue 3 , February 2023 , pp. 875 - 886
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alonso, J., Mortier, P., Auerbach, R. P., Bruffaerts, R., Vilagut, G., Cuijpers, P., … Kessler, R. C. (2018). Severe role impairment associated with mental disorders: Results of the WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student project. Depression and Anxiety, 35(9), 802–814. doi: 10.1002/da.22778CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American College Health Association (ACHA). (2018). American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Undergraduate student reference group executive summary. Retrieved from https://www.acha.org/documents/ncha/NCHA-II_Spring_2018_Undergraduate_Reference_Group_Executive_Summary.pdf.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013). The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Arnett, J. J. (2015). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnett, J. J. (2016). College students as emerging adults: The developmental implications of the college context. Emerging Adulthood, 4(3), 219–222. doi: 10.1177/2167696815587422CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnett, J. J., Žukauskienė, R., & Sugimura, K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18–29 years: Implications for mental health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(7), 569–576. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00080-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Auerbach, R. P., Alonso, J., Axinn, W. G., Cuijpers, P., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., … Bruffaerts, R. (2016). Mental disorders among college students in the World Health Organization world mental health surveys. Psychological Medicine, 46(14), 2955–2970. doi: 10.1017/S0033291716001665CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Auerbach, R. P., Mortier, P., Bruffaerts, R., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Cuijpers, P., … Kessler, R. C. (2018). WHO world mental health surveys international college student project: Prevalence and distribution of mental disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127(7), 623–638. doi: 10.1037/abn0000362CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Babor, T. F., Higgings-Biddle, J. C., Saunders, J. B., & Monteiro, M. G. (2001). The alcohol use disorders identification test. Guidelines for use in Primary Care. Retrieved from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2001/who_msd_msb_01.6a.pdf.Google Scholar
Ballester, L., Alayo, I., Vilagut, G., Almenara, J., Cebria, A. I., Echeburua, E., … Alonso, J. (2019). Accuracy of online survey assessment of mental disorders and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in Spanish university students. Results of the WHO World Mental Health-International College Student initiative. Public Library of Science One, 14(9), e0221529. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221529Google ScholarPubMed
Batejan, K. L., Jarvi, S. M., & Swenson, L. P. (2015). Sexual orientation and non-suicidal self-injury: A meta-analytic review. Archives of Suicide Research, 19(2), 131–150. doi: 10.1080/13811118.2014.957450CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benjet, C., Gonzalez-Herrera, I., Castro-Silva, E., Mendez, E., Borges, G., Casanova, L., & Medina-Mora, M. E. (2017). Non-suicidal self-injury in Mexican young adults: Prevalence, associations with suicidal behavior and psychiatric disorders, and DSM-5 proposed diagnostic criteria. Journal of Affective Disorders, 215, 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.025CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bentley, K. H., Cassiello-Robbins, C. F., Vittorio, L., Sauer-Zavala, S., & Barlow, D. H. (2015). The association between nonsuicidal self-injury and the emotional disorders: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 37, 72–88. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bresin, K., & Schoenleber, M. (2015). Gender differences in the prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 38, 55–64. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruffaerts, R., Mortier, P., Auerbach, R. P., Alonso, J., Hermosillo De la Torre, A. E., Cuijpers, P., … Kessler, R. C. (2019). Lifetime and 12-month treatment for mental disorders and suicidal thoughts and behaviors among first year college students. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 28(2), e1764. doi: 10.1002/mpr.1764CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruffaerts, R., Mortier, P., Kiekens, G., Auerbach, R. P., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., … Kessler, R. C. (2018). Mental health problems in college freshmen: Prevalence and academic functioning. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 97–103. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.044CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buelens, T., Luyckx, K., Gandhi, A., Kiekens, G., & Claes, L. (2019). Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescence: Longitudinal associations with psychological distress and rumination. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47(9), 1569–1581. doi: 10.1007/s10802-019-00531-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2017). College enrollment and work activity of 2016 high school graduates. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/hsgec_04272017.pdf.Google Scholar
Burke, T. A., Fox, K., Kautz, M., Siegel, D. M., Kleiman, E., & Alloy, L. B. (2021). Real-time monitoring of the associations between self-critical and self-punishment cognitions and nonsuicidal self-injury. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 137, 103775. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103775CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, T. A., Hamilton, J. L., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2015). Non-suicidal self-injury prospectively predicts interpersonal stressful life events and depressive symptoms among adolescent girls. Psychiatry Research, 228(3), 416–424. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, T. A., Piccirillo, M. L., Moore-Berg, S. L., Alloy, L. B., & Heimberg, R. G. (2019). The stigmatization of nonsuicidal self-injury. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 75(3), 481–498. doi: 10.1002/jclp.22713CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cuijpers, P., Auerbach, R. P., Benjet, C., Bruffaerts, R., Ebert, D., Karyotaki, E., & Kessler, R. C. (2019). Introduction to the special issue: The WHO World Mental Health International College Student (WMH-ICS) initiative. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 28(2), e1762. doi: 10.1002/mpr.1762CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cvetkovski, S., Reavley, N. J., & Jorm, A. F. (2012). The prevalence and correlates of psychological distress in Australian tertiary students compared to their community peers. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 46(5), 457–467. doi: 10.1177/0004867411435290CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daukantaitė, D., Lundh, L.-G., Wångby-Lundh, M., Claréus, B., Bjärehed, J., Zhou, Y., & Liljedahl, S. I. (2020). What happens to young adults who have engaged in self-injurious behavior as adolescents? A 10-year follow-up. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(3), 475–492. doi: 10.1007/s00787-020-01533-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duffy, M. E., Twenge, J. M., & Joiner, T. E. (2019). Trends in mood and anxiety symptoms and suicide-related outcomes among U.S. undergraduates, 2007–2018: Evidence from two national surveys. Journal of Adolescent Health, 65, 590–598. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.04.033CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebert, D. D., Mortier, P., Kaehlke, F., Bruffaerts, R., Baumeister, H., Auerbach, R. P., … Kessler, R. C. (2019). Barriers of mental health treatment utilization among first-year college students: First cross-national results from the WHO World Mental Health International College Student initiative. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 28(2), e1782. doi: 10.1002/mpr.1782CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Efron, B. (1988). Logistic regression, survival analysis, and the Kaplan–Meier curve. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(402), 414–425. doi: 10.1080/01621459.1988.10478612CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, K. R., Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Kleiman, E. M., Bentley, K. H., & Nock, M. K. (2015). Meta-analysis of risk factors for nonsuicidal self-injury. Clinical Psychology Review, 42, 156–167. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.09.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, K. R., Harris, J. A., Wang, S. B., Millner, A. J., Deming, C. A., & Nock, M. K. (2020). Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors interview-revised: Development, reliability, and validity. Psychological Assessment, 32(7), 677–689. doi: 10.1037/pas0000819CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gandhi, A., Luyckx, K., Baetens, I., Kiekens, G., Sleuwaegen, E., Berens, A., … Claes, L. (2018). Age of onset of non-suicidal self-injury in Dutch-speaking adolescents and emerging adults: An event history analysis of pooled data. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 80, 170–178. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.10.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gillies, D., Christou, M. A., Dixon, A. C., Featherston, O. J., Rapti, I., Garcia-Anguita, A., … Christou, P. A. (2018). Prevalence and characteristics of self-harm in adolescents: Meta-analyses of community-based studies 1990–2015. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(10), 733–741. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glenn, C. R., Jaroszewski, A. C., Milner, A., Kearns, J. C., & Nock, M. K. (2015). Nonsuicidal self-injury: Old problem, new disorder, limited data. In Bromet, E. (Ed.), Long-term outcomes in psychopathology research: Rethinking the scientific agenda (pp. 253–276). New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glenn, C. R., & Klonsky, E. D. (2011). Prospective prediction of nonsuicidal self-injury: A 1-year longitudinal study in young adults. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 751–762. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2011.04.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, H. (2011). Multilevel statistical models (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., Berglund, P. A., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication 1: Associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(2), 113–123. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamza, C., Goldstein, A. L., Heath, N. L., & Ewing, L. (2021). Stressful experiences in university predict nonsuicidal self-injury through emotional reactivity. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1209. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.610670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamza, C. A., & Willoughby, T. (2014). A longitudinal person-centered examination of nonsuicidal self-injury among university students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(4), 671–685. doi: m10.1007/s10964-013-9991-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamza, C. A., & Willoughby, T. (2016). Nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal risk among emerging adults. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 59(4), 411–415. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.05.019Google ScholarPubMed
Hasking, P., Whitlock, J., Voon, D., & Rose, A. (2017). A cognitive-emotional model of NSSI: Using emotion regulation and cognitive processes to explain why people self-injure. Cognition and Emotion, 31(8), 1543–1556. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1241219CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hepp, J., Carpenter, R. W., Störkel, L. M., Schmitz, S. E., Schmahl, C., & Niedtfeld, I. (2020). A systematic review of daily life studies on non-suicidal self-injury based on the four-function model. Clinical Psychology Review, 82, 101888. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101888CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hooley, J. M., & Franklin, J. C. (2017). Why do people hurt themselves? A new conceptual model of nonsuicidal self-injury. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(3), 428–451. doi: 10.1177/2167702617745641CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, J., & Eisenberg, D. (2010). Mental health problems and help-seeking behavior among college students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(1), 3–10. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.08.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
International Society for the Study of Self-injury (ISSS). (2018). What is nonsuicidal self-injury? Retrieved from https://itriples.org/about-self-injury/what-is-self-injury.Google Scholar
Karyotaki, E., Cuijpers, P., Albor, Y., Alonso, J., Auerbach, R. P., Bantjes, J., … Kessler, R. C. (2020). Sources of stress and their associations with mental disorders among college students: Results of the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys International College Student initiative. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1–11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01759CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, R. C., Calabrese, J. R., Farley, P. A., Gruber, M. J., Jewell, M. A., Katon, W., … Wittchen, H. U. (2013a). Composite international diagnostic interview screening scales for DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders. Psychological Medicine, 43(8), 1625–1637. doi: 10.1017/S0033291712002334CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, R. C., Santiago, P. N., Colpe, L. J., Dempsey, C. L., First, M. B., Heeringa, S. G., … Ursano, R. J. (2013b). Clinical reappraisal of the composite international diagnostic interview screening scales (CIDI-SC) in the army study to assess risk and resilience in service members (Army STARRS). International Journal of Methods Psychiatric Research, 22(4), 303–321. doi: 10.1002/mpr.1398CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessler, R. C., & Ustun, T. B. (2004). The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative Version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). International Journal of Methods Psychiatric Research, 13(2), 93–121. doi: 10.1002/mpr.168CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiekens, G., Claes, L., Demyttenaere, K., Auerbach, R. P., Green, J. G., Kessler, R. C., … Bruffaerts, R. (2016). Lifetime and 12-month nonsuicidal self-injury and academic performance in college freshmen. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 46(5), 563–576. doi: 10.1111/sltb.12237CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiekens, G., Hasking, P., Bruffaerts, R., Claes, L., Baetens, I., Boyes, M., … Whitlock, J. (2017). What predicts ongoing nonsuicidal self-injury?: A comparison between persistent and ceased self-injury in emerging adults. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 205(10), 762–770. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000726CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiekens, G., Hasking, P., Claes, L., Boyes, M., Mortier, P., Auerbach, R. P., … Bruffaerts, R. (2019). Predicting the incidence of non-suicidal self-injury in college students. European Psychiatry, 59, 44–51. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.04.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiekens, G., Hasking, P., Claes, L., Mortier, P., Auerbach, R. P., Boyes, M., … Bruffaerts, R. (2018). The DSM-5 nonsuicidal self-injury disorder among incoming college students: Prevalence and associations with 12-month mental disorders and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Depression & Anxiety, 35(7), 629–637. doi: 10.1002/da.22754CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiekens, G., Hasking, P., Nock, M. K., Boyes, M., Kirtley, O., Bruffaerts, R., … Claes, L. (2020). Fluctuations in affective states and self-efficacy to resist non-suicidal self-injury as real-time predictors of non-suicidal self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 214. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00214CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiekens, G., Robinson, K., Tatnell, R., & Kirtley, O. J. (2021). Opening the black box of daily life in non-suicidal self-injury research: With great opportunity comes great responsibility. PsyArXiv. doi: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yp86x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latimer, S., Meade, T., & Tennant, A. (2013). Measuring engagement in deliberate self-harm behaviours: Psychometric evaluation of six scales. BMC Psychiatry, 13(1), 4. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-13-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, S. P., Heath, N. L., Hasking, P. A., Whitlock, J. L., Wilson, M. S., & Plener, P. L. (2019). Addressing self-injury on college campuses: Institutional recommendations. Journal of College Counseling, 22(1), 70–82. doi: 10.1002/jocc.12115CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magolda, M. B., & Taylor, K. B. (2016). Developing self-authorship in college to navigate emerging adulthood. In Arnett, J. J. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of emerging adulthood (pp. 299–315). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mortier, P., Auerbach, R. P., Alonso, J., Bantjes, J., Benjet, C., Cuijpers, P., … Kessler, R. C. (2018a). Suicidal thoughts and behaviors among first-year college students: Results from the WMH-ICS Project. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(4), 263–273.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.01.018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mortier, P., Cuijpers, P., Kiekens, G., Auerbach, R. P., Demyttenaere, K., Green, J. G., … Bruffaerts, R. (2018b). The prevalence of suicidal thoughts and behaviours among college students: A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 48(4), 554–565. doi: 10.1017/S0033291717002215CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mortier, P., Demyttenaere, K., Auerbach, R. P., Cuijpers, P., Green, J. G., Kiekens, G., … Bruffaerts, R. (2017). First onset of suicidal thoughts and behaviours in college. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 291–299. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.033CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nock, M. K., Holmberg, E. B., Photos, V. I., & Michel, B. D. (2007). Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors interview: Development, reliability, and validity in an adolescent sample. Psychological Assessment, 19(3), 309–317. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.309CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinert, D. F., & Allen, J. P. (2002). The alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): A review of recent research. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 26(2), 272–279. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02534.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, K., Garisch, J. A., Kingi, T., Brocklesby, M., O'Connell, A., Langlands, R. L., … Wilson, M. S. (2018). Reciprocal risk: The longitudinal relationship between emotion regulation and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47(2), 325–332. doi: 10.1007/s10802-018-0450-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roser, M., & Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2013). Tertiary education. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/tertiary-education.Google Scholar
Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., de la Fuente, J. R., & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II. Addiction, 88(6), 791–804. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selby, E. A., Kranzler, A., Fehling, K. B., & Panza, E. (2015). Nonsuicidal self-injury disorder: The path to diagnostic validity and final obstacles. Clinical Psychology Review, 38, 79–91. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.03.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serras, A., Saules, K. K., Cranford, J. A., & Eisenberg, D. (2010). Self-injury, substance use, and associated risk factors in a multi-campus probability sample of college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24(1), 119–128. doi: 10.1037/a0017210CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shahar, G., Bareket, L., Rudd, M., & Joiner, T. (2006). In severely suicidal young adults, hopelessness, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation constitute a single syndrome. Psychological Medicine, 36(7), 913–922. doi: 10.1017/S0033291706007586CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shahar, G., & Henrich, C. C. (2019). Role of adolescent exposure to rockets in the links between personality vulnerability and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 31(4), 1367–1380. doi: 10.1017/S0954579418000792CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shulman, S., & Connolly, J. (2013). The challenge of romantic relationships in emerging adulthood: Reconceptualization of the field. Emerging Adulthood, 1(1), 27–39. doi: 10.1177/2167696812467330CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staniland, L., Hasking, P., Boyes, M., & Lewis, S. (2020). Stigma and nonsuicidal self-injury: Application of a conceptual framework. Stigma and Health. doi: 10.1037/sah0000257Google Scholar
Steinhoff, A., Ribeaud, D., Kupferschmid, S., Raible-Destan, N., Quednow, B. B., Hepp, U., … Shanahan, L. (2021). Self-injury from early adolescence to early adulthood: Age-related course, recurrence, and services use in males and females from the community. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 937–951. doi: 10.1007/s00787-020-01573-w.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swannell, S. V., Martin, G. E., Page, A., Hasking, P., & St John, N. J. (2014). Prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in nonclinical samples: Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44, 273–303. doi: 10.1111/sltb.12070CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taliaferro, L. A., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2015). Risk factors associated with self-injurious behavior among a national sample of undergraduate college students. Journal of American College Health, 63(1), 40–48. doi: m10.1080/07448481.2014.953166CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Buuren, S. (2007). Multiple imputation of discrete and continuous data by fully conditional specification. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 16(3), 219–242. doi: 10.1177/0962280206074463CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waals, L., Baetens, I., Rober, P., Lewis, S., Van Parys, H., Goethals, E. R., & Whitlock, J. (2018). The NSSI family distress cascade theory. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 12(1), 1–6. doi: 10.1186/s13034-018-0259-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wester, K., Trepal, H., & King, K. (2018). Nonsuicidal self-injury: Increased prevalence in engagement. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 48(6), 690–698. doi: 10.1111/sltb.12389CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitlock, J., Muehlenkamp, J. J., Purington, A., Eckenrode, J., Barreira, P., Baral Abrams, G., … Knox, K. (2011). Nonsuicidal self-injury in a college population: General trends and sex differences. Journal of American College Health, 59(8), 691–698. doi: 10.1080/07448481.2010.529626CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcox, H. C., Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Vincent, K. B., Pinchevsky, G. M., & O'Grady, K. E. (2012). Longitudinal predictors of past-year non-suicidal self-injury and motives among college students. Psychological Medicine, 42(4), 717–726. doi: 10.1017/S0033291711001814CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkinson, P. O., Qiu, T., Neufeld, S., Jones, P. B., & Goodyer, I. M. (2018). Sporadic and recurrent non-suicidal self-injury before age 14 and incident onset of psychiatric disorders by 17 years: Prospective cohort study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 212(4), 222–226. doi: 10.1192/bjp.2017.45CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Kiekens et al. supplementary material

Kiekens et al. supplementary material

Download Kiekens et al. supplementary material(File)
File 34.8 KB