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Psychological effects of chemical weapons: a follow-up study of First World War veterans

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 February 2008

E. Jones ,
B. Everitt ,
S. Ironside ,
I. Palmer  and
S. Wessely
E. Jones*
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry and King's Centre for Military Health Research, Weston Education Centre, London, UK
B. Everitt
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry and King's Centre for Military Health Research, Weston Education Centre, London, UK
S. Ironside
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry and King's Centre for Military Health Research, Weston Education Centre, London, UK
I. Palmer
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry and King's Centre for Military Health Research, Weston Education Centre, London, UK
S. Wessely
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry and King's Centre for Military Health Research, Weston Education Centre, London, UK
*
*Address for correspondence: Professor E. Jones, Institute of Psychiatry and King's Centre for Military Health Research, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RJ, UK. (Email: edgar.jones@iop.kcl.ac.uk)
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Abstract

Background

Chemical weapons exercise an enduring and often powerful psychological effect. This had been recognized during the First World War when it was shown that the symptoms of stress mimicked those of mild exposure to gas. Debate about long-term effects followed the suggestion that gassing triggered latent tuberculosis.

Method

A random sample of 103 First World War servicemen awarded a war pension for the effects of gas, but without evidence of chronic respiratory pathology, were subjected to cluster analysis using 25 common symptoms. The consistency of symptom reporting was also investigated across repeated follow-ups.

Results

Cluster analysis identified four groups: one (n=56) with a range of somatic symptoms, a second (n=30) with a focus on the respiratory system, a third (n=12) with a predominance of neuropsychiatric symptoms, and a fourth (n=5) with a narrow band of symptoms related to the throat and breathing difficulties. Veterans from the neuropsychiatric cluster had multiple diagnoses including neurasthenia and disordered action of the heart, and reported many more symptoms than those in the three somatic clusters.

Conclusions

Mild or intermittent respiratory disorders in the post-war period supported beliefs about the damaging effects of gas in the three somatic clusters. By contrast, the neuropsychiatric group did not report new respiratory illnesses. For this cluster, the experience of gassing in a context of extreme danger may have been responsible for the intensity of their symptoms, which showed no sign of diminution over the 12-year follow-up.

Keywords

Chemical weaponsFirst World Warsomatizationveterans
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 38 , Issue 10 , October 2008 , pp. 1419 - 1426
Copyright
Copyright © 2008 Cambridge University Press

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