Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T05:30:16.592Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Sexual symptoms in post-traumatic stress disorder following childhood sexual abuse: a network analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 June 2020

Leonhard Kratzer Open the ORCID record for Leonhard Kratzer [Opens in a new window] ,
Peter Heinz ,
Rebecca Schennach ,
Matthias Knefel ,
Günter Schiepek ,
Sarah V. Biedermann  and
Melanie Büttner
Leonhard Kratzer*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychotraumatology, Clinic St. Irmingard, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany
Peter Heinz
Affiliation:
Department of Psychotraumatology, Clinic St. Irmingard, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany
Rebecca Schennach
Affiliation:
Schoen Clinic Roseneck, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
Matthias Knefel
Affiliation:
Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Günter Schiepek
Affiliation:
Institute for Synergetics and Psychotherapy Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
Sarah V. Biedermann
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Melanie Büttner
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
*
Author for correspondence: Leonhard Kratzer, E-mail: l.kratzer@st-irmingard.de
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Even though recent research indicates that sexual symptoms are highly prevalent in post-traumatic stress disorder following childhood sexual abuse and cause severe distress, current treatments neither address them nor are they effective in reducing them. This might be due to a lack of understanding of sexual symptoms' specific role in the often complex and comorbid psychopathology of post-traumatic stress disorder following childhood abuse.

Methods

Post-traumatic, dissociative, depressive, and sexual symptoms were assessed in 445 inpatients with post-traumatic stress disorder following childhood sexual abuse. Comorbidity structure was analyzed using a partial correlation network with regularization.

Results

A total of 360 patients (81%) reported difficulties engaging in sexual activities and 102 patients (23%) reported to suffer from their sexual preferences. Difficulties engaging in sexual activities were linked to depressive and hyperarousal symptoms, whereas sexual preferences causing distress were linked to anger and dissociation. Dissociative amnesia, visual intrusions, and physical reactions to trauma reminders were of central importance for the network. Dissociative amnesia, depressed mood, lack of energy, and difficulties engaging in sexual activities were identified as bridge symptoms. Local clustering analysis indicated the non-redundancy of sexual symptoms.

Conclusions

Sexual symptoms are highly prevalent in survivors of childhood sexual abuse with post-traumatic stress disorder. Further research is needed regarding the link of difficulties engaging in sexual activities, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as regarding the association of dissociation and sexual preferences causing distress. Sexual symptoms require consideration in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder following childhood sexual abuse.

Keywords

Childhood sexual abusedissociationparaphiliapost-traumatic stress disordersexual dysfunction
Type
Original Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 52 , Issue 1 , January 2022 , pp. 90 - 101
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Afzali, M. H., Sunderland, M., Teesson, M., Carragher, N., Mills, K., & Slade, T. (2017). A network approach to the comorbidity between posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: The role of overlapping symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 208, 490–496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armour, C., Greene, T., Contractor, A. A., Weiss, N., Dixon-Gordon, K., & Ross, J. (2020). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and reckless behaviors: A network analysis approach. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33, 29–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Au, T. M., Dickstein, B. D., Comer, J. S., Salters-Pedneault, K., & Litz, B. T. (2013). Co-occurring posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms after sexual assault: A latent profile analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 149, 209–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Badour, C. L., Feldner, M. T., Babson, K. A., Blumenthal, H., & Dutton, C. E. (2013). Disgust, mental contamination, and posttraumatic stress: Unique relations following sexual versus non-sexual assault. Elsevier Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27, 155–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barbano, A. C., der Mei, W. F., DeRoon-Cassini, T. A., Grauer, E., Lowe, S. R., Matsuoka, Y. J., … Shalev, A. Y. (2019). Differentiating PTSD from anxiety and depression: Lessons from the ICD-11 PTSD diagnostic criteria. Depression and Anxiety, 36, 490–498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, D. P., & Fink, L. (1998). Childhood trauma questionnaire. A retrospective self-report. San Antonio, Texas: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Bigras, N., Daspe, MÈ, Godbout, N., Briere, J., & Sabourin, S. (2017). Cumulative childhood trauma and adult sexual satisfaction: Mediation by affect dysregulation and sexual anxiety in Men and women. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 43, 377–396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bivona, J., & Critelli, J. (2009). The nature of women's rape fantasies: An analysis of prevalence, frequency, and contents. Journal of Sex Research, 46, 33–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bivona, J. M., Critelli, J. W., & Clark, M. J. (2012). Women's rape fantasies: An empirical evaluation of the major explanations. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 1107–1119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanken, T. F., Deserno, M. K., Dalege, J., Borsboom, D., Blanken, P., Kerkhof, G. A., & Cramer, A. O. J. (2018). The role of stabilizing and communicating symptoms given overlapping communities in psychopathology networks. Scientific Reports, 8, 5854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bornefeld-Ettmann, P., Steil, R., Lieberz, K. A., Bohus, M., Rausch, S., Herzog, J., … Müller-Engelmann, M. (2018). Sexual functioning after childhood abuse: The influence of post-traumatic stress disorder and trauma exposure. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 15, 529–538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boroske-Leiner, K., Hofmann, A., & Sack, M. (2008). Ergebnisse zur internen und externen Validität des Interviews zur komplexen posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (I-kPTBS). Psychotherapie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie, 58, 192–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borsboom, D. (2008). Psychometric perspectives on diagnostic systems. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64, 1089–1108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borsboom, D. (2017). A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 16, 5–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borsboom, D., & Cramer, A. O. J. (2013). Network analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 91–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borsboom, D., Cramer, A. O. J., & Kalis, A. (2019). Brain disorders? Not really: Why network structures block reductionism in psychopathology research. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 42, e2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borsboom, D., Robinaugh, D. J., Rhemtulla, M., & Cramer, A. O. J. (2018). Robustness and replicability of psychopathology networks. World Psychiatry, 17, 143–144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brewin, C. R. (2011). The nature and significance of memory disturbance in posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 203–227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Briere, J., Smiljanich, K., & Henschel, D. (1994). Sexual fantasies, gender, and molestation history. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18, 131–137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bringmann, L. F., Elmer, T., Epskamp, S., Krause, R. W., Schoch, D., Wichers, M., … Snippe, E. (2019). What do centrality measures measure in psychological networks? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128, 892–903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bryant, R. A. (2019). Post-traumatic stress disorder: A state-of-the-art review of evidence and challenges. World Psychiatry, 18, 259–269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bürgin, D., Boonmann, C., Schmid, M., Tripp, P., & O'Donovan, A. (2020). Fact or artefact? Childhood adversity and adulthood trauma in the U.S. Population-based health and retirement study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11, 1721146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Büttner, M., Dulz, B., Sachsse, U., Overkamp, B., & Sack, M. (2014). Trauma und sexuelle Störungen - multizentrische Untersuchung von Patienten mit komplexer posttraumatischer Belastungsstörung. Psychotherapeut, 59, 385–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choi, K. W., Batchelder, A. W., Ehlinger, P. P., Safren, S. A., & O'Cleirigh, C. (2017). Applying network analysis to psychological comorbidity and health behavior: Depression, PTSD, and sexual risk in sexual minority men with trauma histories. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85, 1158–1170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clayton, A. H., & Balon, R. (2009). Continuing medical education: The impact of mental illness and psychotropic medications on sexual functioning: The evidence and management (CME). The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6, 1200–1211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coles, J., Lee, A., Taft, A., Mazza, D., & Loxton, D. (2015). Childhood sexual abuse and Its association with adult physical and mental health. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30, 1929–1944.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Contreras, A., Nieto, I., Valiente, C., Espinosa, R., & Vazquez, C. (2019). The study of psychopathology from the network analysis perspective: A systematic review. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 88, 71–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, B. S., Kennedy, M. A., & Yuille, J. C. (2001). Dissociation and sexual trauma in prostitutes. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 2, 27–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costantini, G., Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., Perugini, M., Mõttus, R., Waldorp, L. J., & Cramer, A. O. J. (2015). State of the aRt personality research: A tutorial on network analysis of personality data in R. Journal of Research in Personality, 54, 13–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cramer, A., Leertouwer, I. J., Lanius, R., & Frewen, P. (2020). A network approach to studying the associations between PTSD symptoms and dissociative experiences. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33, 19–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cramer, A. O. J., Waldorp, L. J., van der Maas, H. L. J., & Borsboom, D. (2010). Comorbidity: A network perspective. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 137–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cutajar, M. C., Mullen, P. E., Ogloff, J. R. P., Thomas, S. D., Wells, D. L., & Spataro, J. (2010). Psychopathology in a large cohort of sexually abused children followed up to 43 years. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 813–822.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dell, P. F. (2006). A new model of dissociative identity disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29, 1–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derogatis, L. R. (1983). SCL-90-R: Administration, scoring and procedures manual. Baltimore, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research.Google Scholar
Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., & Fried, E. I. (2018). Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Behavior Research Methods, 50, 195–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Epskamp, S., Cramer, A. O. J., Waldorp, L. J., Schmittmann, V. D., & Borsboom, D. (2012). Qgraph: Network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data. Journal of Statistical Software, 48, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epskamp, S., & Fried, E. I. (2016). A Tutorial on Regularized Partial Correlation Networks.Google Scholar
Fava, G. A., Rafanelli, C., & Tomba, E. (2012). The clinical process in psychiatry. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 73, 177–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
First, M., Spitzer, R., Gibbon, M., Williams, J., & Benjamin, L. (1994). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis II personality disorders (SCID II). New York: Biometric Research Department.Google Scholar
Fischer, H. F., Tritt, K., Klapp, B. F., & Fliege, H. (2010). Faktorstruktur und psychometrische Eigenschaften des ICD-10—Symptom-Rating (ISR) an Stichproben psychosomatischer Patienten. Psychotherapie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie, 60, 307–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, A. J., Reeves, J. W., Lawyer, G., Medaglia, J. D., & Rubel, J. A. (2017). Exploring the idiographic dynamics of mood and anxiety via network analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126, 1044–1056.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forbes, M. K., Wright, A. G. C., Markon, K. E., & Krueger, R. F. (2017). Evidence that psychopathology symptom networks have limited replicability. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126, 969–988.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forbes, M. K., Wright, A. G. C., Markon, K. E., & Krueger, R. F. (2019). The network approach to psychopathology: Promise versus reality. World Psychiatry, 18, 272–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foygel, R., & Drton, M. (2010). Extended Bayesian information criteria for Gaussian graphical models. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 23, 2020–2028.Google Scholar
Frank, E., Noyon, A., Höfling, V., & Heidenreich, T. (2010). In-situation safety behaviours as a factor in the maintenance and treatment of sexual dysfunctions. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 25, 12–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frewen, P. A., Brown, M. F. D., & Lanius, R. A. (2017). Trauma-related altered states of consciousness (TRASC) in an online community sample: Further support for the 4-D model of trauma-related dissociation. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4, 92–114.Google Scholar
Frías, Á, González, L., Palma, C., & Farriols, N. (2017). Is there a relationship between borderline personality disorder and sexual masochism in women? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 747–754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fried, E. I., Eidhof, M. B., Palic, S., Costantini, G., Huisman-van Dijk, H. M., Bockting, C. L. H., … Karstoft, K.-I. (2018). Replicability and generalizability of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) networks: A cross-cultural multisite study of PTSD symptoms in four trauma patient samples. Clinical Psychological Science, 6, 335–351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fried, E. I., & Nesse, R. M. (2015). Depression sum-scores don't add up: Why analyzing specific depression symptoms is essential. BMC Medicine, 13, 72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fruchterman, T. M. J., & Reingold, E. M. (1991). Graph drawing by force-directed placement. Software: Practice and Experience, 21, 1129–1164.Google Scholar
Fuss, J., Jais, L., Grey, B. T., Guczka, S. R., Briken, P., & Biedermann, S. V. (2019). Self-reported childhood maltreatment and erotic target identity inversions among men with paraphilic infantilism. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 45, 781–795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fydrich, T., Renneberg, B., Schmitz, B., & Wittchen, H. (1997). Strukturiertes klinisches Interview für DSM-IV, Achse II (SKID-II) [Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV, axis II (SCID-II)]. Göttingen: Hogrefe.Google Scholar
Gilbar, O. (2020). Examining the boundaries between ICD-11 PTSD/CPTSD and depression and anxiety symptoms: A network analysis perspective. Journal of Affective Disorders, 262, 429–439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glück, T. M., Knefel, M., & Lueger-Schuster, B. (2017). A network analysis of anger, shame, proposed ICD-11 post-traumatic stress disorder, and different types of childhood trauma in foster care settings in a sample of adult survivors. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8, 1372543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallquist, M. N., Wright, A. G. C., & Molenaar, P. C. M. (2019). Problems with centrality measures in psychopathology symptom networks: Why network psychometrics cannot escape psychometric theory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1–25. doi: 10.1080/00273171.2019.1640103.Google ScholarPubMed
Hansen, N. B., Brown, L. J., Tsatkin, E., Zelgowski, B., & Nightingale, V. (2012). Dissociative experiences during sexual behavior among a sample of adults living with HIV infection and a history of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 13, 345–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofmann, S. G., & Curtiss, J. (2018). A complex network approach to clinical science. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 48, e12986.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horowitz, M. (1990). Post-traumatic stress disorders: Psychosocial aspects of the diagnosis. International Journal of Mental Health, 19, 21–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howell, E. F. (1996). Dissociation in masochism and psychopathic sadism. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 32, 427–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., Cloitre, M., & Karatzias, T. (2020). The relationship between ICD-11 PTSD, complex PTSD and dissociative experiences. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 21, 62–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janet, P. (1919). Les médications psychologiques I-III. Paris: Société Pierre Janet.Google Scholar
Jones, P. J. (2019). Networktools: Tools for Identifying Important Nodes in Networks. Version 1.2.1.Google Scholar
Jones, P. J., Ma, R., & McNally, R. J. (2019). Bridge centrality: A network approach to understanding comorbidity. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1–15. doi: 10.1080/00273171.2019.1614898.Google ScholarPubMed
Jung, K., & Steil, R. (2012). The feeling of being contaminated in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse and its treatment via a two-session program of cognitive restructuring and imagery modification: A case study. Behavior Modification, 36, 67–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Bradley, A., Cloitre, M., Roberts, N. P., Bisson, J. I., & Shevlin, M. (2019). Risk factors and comorbidity of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: Findings from a trauma-exposed population based sample of adults in the United Kingdom. Depression and Anxiety, 36, 887–894.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knefel, M., Tran, U. S., & Lueger-Schuster, B. (2016). The association of posttraumatic stress disorder, complex posttraumatic stress disorder, and borderline personality disorder from a network analytical perspective. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 43, 70–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kotler, M., Cohen, H., Aizenberg, D., Matar, M., Loewenthal, U., Kaplan, Z., … Zemishlany, Z. (2000). Sexual dysfunction in male posttraumatic stress disorder patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 69, 309–315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kratzer, L., Heinz, P., Pfitzer, F., Padberg, F., Jobst, A., & Schennach, R. (2018). Mindfulness and pathological dissociation fully mediate the association of childhood abuse and PTSD symptomatology. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 2, 5–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lahav, Y., Talmon, A., Ginzburg, K., & Spiegel, D. (2019). Reenacting past abuse – identification with the aggressor and sexual revictimization. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 20, 378–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lampe, A., Doering, S., Rumpold, G., Sölder, E., Krismer, M., Kantner-Rumplmair, W., … Söllner, W. (2003). Chronic pain syndromes and their relation to childhood abuse and stressful life events. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 54, 361–367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laumann, E. O., Paik, A., & Rosen, R. C. (1999). Sexual dysfunction in the United States. JAMA, 281, 537.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazarov, A., Suarez-Jimenez, B., Levy, O., Coppersmith, D. D. L., Lubin, G., Pine, D. S., … Neria, Y. (2019). Symptom structure of PTSD and co-morbid depressive symptoms – a network analysis of combat veteran patients. Psychological Medicine, 1–17.Google ScholarPubMed
Lee, J. K. P., Jackson, H. J., Pattison, P., & Ward, T. (2002). Developmental risk factors for sexual offending. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, 73–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leonard, L. M., & Follette, V. M. (2002). Sexual functioning in women reporting a history of child sexual abuse: Review of the empirical literature and clinical implications. Annual Review of Sex Research, 13, 346–388.Google ScholarPubMed
Maercker, A., & Schützwohl, M. (1998). Erfassung von psychischen Belastungssfolgen: Die Impact of Event Skala-revidierte Version [Assessment of post-traumatic stress reactions: The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R)]. Diagnostica, 44, 130–141.Google Scholar
McBride, O., Hyland, P., Murphy, J., & Elklit, A. (2020). Network analysis of posttraumatic stress experiences of adults seeking psychological treatment for childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33, 10–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNally, R. J. (2016). Can network analysis transform psychopathology? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 86, 95–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNally, R. J., Heeren, A., & Robinaugh, D. J. (2017). A Bayesian network analysis of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adults reporting childhood sexual abuse. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8, 1341276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meston, C. M., Rellini, A. H., & Heiman, J. R. (2006). Women's history of sexual abuse, their sexuality, and sexual self-schemas. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 229–236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674–697.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Money, J. (1987). Masochism: On the childhood origin of paraphilia, opponent-process theory, and antiandrogen therapy. Journal of Sex Research, 23, 273–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montejo, A. L., Montejo, L., & Navarro-Cremades, F. (2015). Sexual side-effects of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 28, 418–423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Najman, J. M., Dunne, M. P., Purdie, D. M., Boyle, F. M., & Coxeter, P. D. (2005). Sexual abuse in childhood and sexual dysfunction in adulthood: An Australian population-based study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 517–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noll, J. G., Trickett, P. K., & Putnam, F. W. (2003). A prospective investigation of the impact of childhood sexual abuse on the development of sexuality. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 575–586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nordling, N., Sandnabba, N. K., & Santtila, P. (2000). The prevalence and effects of self-reported childhood sexual abuse among sadomasochistically oriented males and females. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 9, 53–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Driscoll, C., & Flanagan, E. (2016). Sexual problems and post-traumatic stress disorder following sexual trauma: A meta-analytic review. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 89, 351–367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Papini, S., Rubin, M., Telch, M. J., Smits, J. A. J., & Hien, D. A. (2020). Pretreatment posttraumatic stress disorder symptom network metrics predict the strength of the association between node change and network change during treatment. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33, 64–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pelcovitz, D., van der Kolk, B., Roth, S., Mandel, F., Kaplan, S., & Resick, P. (1997). Development of a criteria set and a structured interview for disorders of extreme stress (SIDES). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 3–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pérez-Fuentes, G., Olfson, M., Villegas, L., Morcillo, C., Wang, S., & Blanco, C. (2013). Prevalence and correlates of child sexual abuse: A national study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54, 16–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pulverman, C. S., Kilimnik, C. D., & Meston, C. M. (2018). The impact of childhood sexual abuse on women's sexual health: A comprehensive review. Sexual Medicine Reviews, 6, 188–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
R Core Team (2019). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Core Team.Google Scholar
Reed, G. M., Drescher, J., Krueger, R. B., Atalla, E., Cochran, S. D., First, M. B., … Saxena, S. (2016). Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD-11: Revising the ICD-10 classification based on current scientific evidence, best clinical practices, and human rights considerations. World Psychiatry, 15, 205–221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reiter, R. C., Shakerin, L. R., Gambone, J. C., & Milburn, A. K. (1991). Correlation between sexual abuse and somatization in women with somatic and nonsomatic chronic pelvic pain. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 165, 104–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rellini, A. (2008). Review of the empirical evidence for a theoretical model to understand the sexual problems of women with a history of CSA. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 5, 31–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruszczynski, S. (2007). The problem of certain psychic realities: Aggression and violence as perverse solutions. In Morgan, D. and Ruszczynski, S. (Eds.), Lectures on violence, perversion and delinquency (pp. 23–42). London: Karnac Books Ltd.Google Scholar
Senn, T. E., Carey, M. P., & Vanable, P. A. (2008). Childhood and adolescent sexual abuse and subsequent sexual risk behavior: Evidence from controlled studies, methodological critique, and suggestions for research. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 711–735.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shulman, J. L., & Home, S. G. (2006). Guilty or not? A path model of women's sexual force fantasies. Journal of Sex Research, 43, 368–377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spitzer, C., Freyberger, H., Brähler, E., Beutel, M. E., & Stieglitz, R. (2015). Teststatistische Überprüfung der Dissociative Experiences Scale-Taxon (DES-T). Psychotherapie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie, 65, 134–139.Google Scholar
Stanley, D. (2018). apaTables: Create American Psychological Association (APA) Style Tables. R package version 2.0.5.Google Scholar
Staples, J., Rellini, A. H., & Roberts, S. P. (2012). Avoiding experiences: Sexual dysfunction in women with a history of sexual abuse in childhood and adolescence. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 341–350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephenson, K. R., Hughan, C. P., & Meston, C. M. (2012). Childhood sexual abuse moderates the association between sexual functioning and sexual distress in women. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36, 180–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephenson, K. R., Pulverman, C. S., & Meston, C. M. (2014). Assessing the association between childhood sexual abuse and adult sexual experiences in women with sexual difficulties. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27, 274–282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stoltenborgh, M., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Euser, E. M., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2011). A global perspective on child sexual abuse: Meta-analysis of prevalence around the world. Child Maltreatment, 16, 79–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strassberg, D. S., & Lockerd, L. K. (1998). Force in women's sexual fantasies. Archives of sexual behavior, 27, 403–414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tibshirani, R. (2011). Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso: A retrospective. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology), 73, 273–282.10.1111/j.1467-9868.2011.00771.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tritt, K., von Heymann, F., Zaudig, M., Loew, T., Söllner, W., Fischer, H. F., & Bühner, M. (2010). Das ICD-10-Symptom-Rating (ISR): Zusammenhänge mit der SCL-90-R. Zeitschrift für Klinische Diagnostik und Evaluation, 3, 22–37.Google Scholar
Tschoeke, S., Borbé, R., Steinert, T., & Bichescu-Burian, D. (2019). A systematic review of dissociation in female Sex workers. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 20, 242–257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaillancourt-Morel, M. P., Godbout, N., Labadie, C., Runtz, M., Lussier, Y., & Sabourin, S. (2015). Avoidant and compulsive sexual behaviors in male and female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 40, 48–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vang, M. L., Shevlin, M., Karatzias, T., Fyvie, C., & Hyland, P. (2018). Dissociation fully mediates the relationship between childhood sexual and emotional abuse and DSM-5 PTSD in a sample of treatment-seeking adults. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 2, 173–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vonderlin, R., Kleindienst, N., Alpers, G. W., Bohus, M., Lyssenko, L., & Schmahl, C. (2018). Dissociation in victims of childhood abuse or neglect: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Medicine, 48, 2467–2476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waller, N., Putnam, F. W., & Carlson, E. B. (1996). Types of dissociation and dissociative types: A taxometric analysis of dissociative experiences. Psychological Methods, 1, 300–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waller, N. G., & Ross, C. A. (1997). The prevalence and biometric structure of pathological dissociation in the general population: Taxometric and behavior genetic findings. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 499–510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1996). The impact of event scale-revised. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp 399–411). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Westerlund, E. (1992). Women's sexuality after childhood incest. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Wilcox, S. L., Redmond, S., & Hassan, A. M. (2014). Sexual functioning in military personnel: Preliminary estimates and predictors. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11, 2537–2545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, J. E., & Wilson, K. M. (2008). Amelioration of sexual fantasies to sexual abuse cues in an adult survivor of childhood sexual abuse: A case study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39, 417–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wingenfeld, K., Spitzer, C., Mensebach, C., Grabe, H. J., Hill, A., Gast, U., … Driessen, M. (2010). Die deutsche Version des Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ): Erste Befunde zu den psychometrischen Kennwerten. Psychotherapie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie, 60, 442–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization (1992). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th revision. Geneva: World Health Organisation.Google Scholar
Yehuda, R., Lehrner, A. M. Y., & Rosenbaum, T. Y. (2015). PTSD And sexual dysfunction in Men and women. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12, 1107–1119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, B., & Horvath, S. (2005). A general framework for weighted gene Co-expression network analysis. Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology, 4, 17. doi: 10.2202/1544-6115.1128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Kratzer et al. supplementary material

Kratzer et al. supplementary material

Download Kratzer et al. supplementary material(File)
File 267.9 KB