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The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for phobias in women

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 January 2011

N. Czajkowski ,
K. S. Kendler ,
K. Tambs ,
E. Røysamb  and
T. Reichborn-Kjennerud
N. Czajkowski*
Affiliation:
Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
K. S. Kendler
Affiliation:
The Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
K. Tambs
Affiliation:
Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
E. Røysamb
Affiliation:
Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
T. Reichborn-Kjennerud
Affiliation:
Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
*
*Address for correspondence: Dr N. Czajkowski, Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Box 4404, Nydalen N- 0403, Oslo, Norway. (Email: Nikolai.Czajkowski@fhi.no)
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Background

To explore the genetic and environmental factors underlying the co-occurrence of lifetime diagnoses of DSM-IV phobia.

Method

Female twins (n=1430) from the population-based Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel were assessed at personal interview for DSM-IV lifetime specific phobia, social phobia and agoraphobia. Comorbidity between the phobias were assessed by odds ratios (ORs) and polychoric correlations and multivariate twin models were fitted in Mx.

Results

Phenotypic correlations of lifetime phobia diagnoses ranged from 0.55 (agoraphobia and social phobia, OR 10.95) to 0.06 (animal phobia and social phobia, OR 1.21). In the best fitting twin model, which did not include shared environmental factors, heritability estimates for the phobias ranged from 0.43 to 0.63. Comorbidity between the phobias was accounted for by two common liability factors. The first loaded principally on animal phobia and did not influence the complex phobias (agoraphobia and social phobia). The second liability factor strongly influenced the complex phobias, but also loaded weak to moderate on all the other phobias. Blood phobia was mainly influenced by a specific genetic factor, which accounted for 51% of the total and 81% of the genetic variance.

Conclusions

Phobias are highly co-morbid and heritable. Our results suggest that the co-morbidity between phobias is best explained by two distinct liability factors rather than a single factor, as has been assumed in most previous multivariate twin analyses. One of these factors was specific to the simple phobias, while the other was more general. Blood phobia was mainly influenced by disorder specific genetic factors.

Keywords

Heritabilityphobiatwin study
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 41 , Issue 9 , September 2011 , pp. 1987 - 1995
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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