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Temperament, character and serotonin activity in the human brain: a positron emission tomography study based on a general population cohort

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 July 2012

L. Tuominen ,
J. Salo ,
J. Hirvonen ,
K. Någren ,
P. Laine ,
T. Melartin ,
E. Isometsä ,
J. Viikari ,
C. R. Cloninger  and
O. Raitakari
...Show all authors
L. Tuominen
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Turku PET Centre, Neuropsychiatric Imaging, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
J. Salo
Affiliation:
Department of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
J. Hirvonen
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Turku PET Centre, Neuropsychiatric Imaging, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
K. Någren
Affiliation:
Department of Nuclear Medicine, PET and Cyclotron Unit, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
P. Laine
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
T. Melartin
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
E. Isometsä
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
J. Viikari
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
C. R. Cloninger
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
O. Raitakari
Affiliation:
Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
J. Hietala*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Turku PET Centre, Neuropsychiatric Imaging, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
L. Keltikangas-Järvinen
Affiliation:
Department of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
*
*Address for correspondence: J. Hietala, M.D., Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Kunnallissairaalantie 20, Building 9, 20700-Turku, Finland. (Email: jahi@utu.fi)
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Abstract

Background

The psychobiological model of personality by Cloninger and colleagues originally hypothesized that interindividual variability in the temperament dimension ‘harm avoidance’ (HA) is explained by differences in the activity of the brain serotonin system. We assessed brain serotonin transporter (5-HTT) density in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET) in healthy individuals with high or low HA scores using an ‘oversampling’ study design.

Method

Subjects consistently in either upper or lower quartiles for the HA trait were selected from a population-based cohort in Finland (n = 2075) with pre-existing Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) scores. A total of 22 subjects free of psychiatric and somatic disorders were included in the matched high- and low-HA groups. The main outcome measure was regional 5-HTT binding potential (BPND) in high- and low-HA groups estimated with PET and [11C]N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-4-methylphenylthio)benzylamine ([11C]MADAM). In secondary analyses, 5-HTT BPND was correlated with other TCI dimensions.

Results

5-HTT BPND did not differ between high- and low-HA groups in the midbrain or any other brain region. This result remained the same even after adjusting for other relevant TCI dimensions. Higher 5-HTT BPND in the raphe nucleus predicted higher scores in ‘self-directedness’.

Conclusions

This study does not support an association between the temperament dimension HA and serotonin transporter density in healthy subjects. However, we found a link between high serotonin transporter density and high ‘self-directedness’ (ability to adapt and control one's behaviour to fit situations in accord with chosen goals and values). We suggest that biological factors are more important in explaining variability in character than previously thought.

Keywords

Harm avoidancehealthy volunteersneuroimagingpersonalitypositron emission tomographyserotoninserotonin transporter
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 43 , Issue 4 , April 2013 , pp. 881 - 894
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

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