Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-mzp66 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-04T02:04:26.818Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Treating depression with physical activity in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 October 2017

A. P. Bailey ,
S. E. Hetrick ,
S. Rosenbaum ,
R. Purcell  and
A. G. Parker
A. P. Bailey*
Affiliation:
Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
S. E. Hetrick
Affiliation:
Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
S. Rosenbaum
Affiliation:
School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
R. Purcell
Affiliation:
Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
A. G. Parker
Affiliation:
Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
*
Author for correspondence: A. P. Bailey, E-mail: alan.bailey@orygen.org.au
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We aimed to establish the treatment effect of physical activity for depression in young people through meta-analysis. Four databases were searched to September 2016 for randomised controlled trials of physical activity interventions for adolescents and young adults, 12–25 years, experiencing a diagnosis or threshold symptoms of depression. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the standardised mean difference (SMD) between physical activity and control conditions. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression investigated potential treatment effect modifiers. Acceptability was estimated using dropout. Trials were assessed against risk of bias domains and overall quality of evidence was assessed using GRADE criteria. Seventeen trials were eligible and 16 provided data from 771 participants showing a large effect of physical activity on depression symptoms compared to controls (SMD = −0.82, 95% CI = −1.02 to −0.61, p < 0.05, I2 = 38%). The effect remained robust in trials with clinical samples (k = 5, SMD = −0.72, 95% CI = −1.15 to −0.30), and in trials using attention/activity placebo controls (k = 7, SMD = −0.82, 95% CI = −1.05 to −0.59). Dropout was 11% across physical activity arms and equivalent in controls (k = 12, RD = −0.01, 95% CI = −0.04 to 0.03, p = 0.70). However, the quality of RCT-level evidence contributing to the primary analysis was downgraded two levels to LOW (trial-level risk of bias, suspected publication bias), suggesting uncertainty in the size of effect and caution in its interpretation. While physical activity appears to be a promising and acceptable intervention for adolescents and young adults experiencing depression, robust clinical effectiveness trials that minimise risk of bias are required to increase confidence in the current finding. The specific intervention characteristics required to improve depression remain unclear, however best candidates given current evidence may include, but are not limited to, supervised, aerobic-based activity of moderate-to-vigorous intensity, engaged in multiple times per week over eight or more weeks. Further research is needed. (Registration: PROSPERO-CRD 42015024388).

Keywords

Adolescentdepressionexercisemeta-analysisphysical activityrandomised controlled trialsystematic reviewyoung adult
Type
Review Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 48 , Issue 7 , May 2018 , pp. 1068 - 1083
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ainsworth, BE, Haskell, WL, Herrmann, SD, Meckes, N, Bassett, DR Jr., Tudor-Locke, C et al. (2011) 2011 compendium of physical activities: a second update of codes and MET values. Medicine & Science in Sports 43, 1575–1581.Google ScholarPubMed
Andrews, G, Sanderson, K, Corry, J and Lapsley, HM (2000) Using epidemiological data to model efficiency in reducing the burden of depression. Journal of Mental Health Policy & Economics 3, 175–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balchin, R, Linde, J, Blackhurst, D, Rauch, HL and Schonbachler, G (2016) Sweating away depression? The impact of intensive exercise on depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 200, 218–221.Google Scholar
Balshem, H, Helfand, M, Schünemann, HJ, Oxman, AD, Kunz, R, Brozek, J et al. (2011) GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 64, 401–406.Google Scholar
Bell, ML, Kenward, MG, Fairclough, DL and Horton, NJ (2013) Differential dropout and bias in randomised controlled trials: when it matters and when it may not. British Medical Journal 346, e8668.Google Scholar
Brent, DA and Birmaher, B (2002) Adolescent depression. New England Journal of Medicine 347, 667–671.Google Scholar
Brown, HE, Pearson, N, Braithwaite, RE, Brown, WJ and Biddle, SJH (2013) Physical activity interventions and depression in children and adolescents. Sports Medicine 43, 195–206.Google Scholar
Button, KS, Kounali, D, Thomas, L, Wiles, NJ, Peters, TJ, Welton, NJ et al. (2015) Minimal clinically important difference on the Beck Depression Inventory – II according to the patient's perspective. Psychological Medicine 45, 3269–3279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, T, Guo, B, Turner, D, Morres, I, Khalil, E, Brighton, E et al. (2015) Preferred intensity exercise for adolescents receiving treatment for depression: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 15, 1–12.Google Scholar
Carter, T, Morres, ID, Meade, O and Callaghan, P (2016) The effect of exercise on depressive symptoms in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 55, 580–590.Google Scholar
Cecchini-Estrada, J-A, Mendez-Gimenez, A, Cecchini, C, Moulton, M and Rodriguez, C (2015) Exercise and Epstein's TARGET for treatment of depressive symptoms: a randomized study. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology 15, 191–199.Google Scholar
Chalder, M, Wiles, NJ, Campbell, J, Hollinghurst, SP, Haase, AM, Taylor, AH et al. (2012) Facilitated physical activity as a treatment for depressed adults: randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal 344, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chu, IH, Buckworth, J, Kirby, TE and Emery, CF (2009) Effect of exercise intensity on depressive symptoms in women. Mental Health & Physical Activity 2, 37–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cipriani, A, Zhou, X, Del Giovane, C, Hetrick, S, Qin, B, Whittington, C et al. (2016) Comparative efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants for major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis. Lancet 388, 881–890.Google Scholar
Cohen, J (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Cooney, GM, Dwan, K, Greig, CA, Lawlor, DA, Rimer, J, Waugh, FR et al. (2013) Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD004366. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004366.pub6.Google Scholar
Craft, LL and Perna, FM (2004) The benefits of exercise for the clinically depressed. Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 6, 104–111.Google ScholarPubMed
Deslandes, A, Moraes, H, Ferreira, C, Veiga, H, Silveira, H, Mouta, R et al. (2009) Exercise and mental health: many reasons to move. Neuropsychobiology 59, 191–198.Google Scholar
Doyne, EJ, Ossip-Klein, DJ, Bowman, ED, Osborn, KM, McDougall-Wilson, IB and Neimeyer, RA (1987) Running versus weight lifting in the treatment of depression. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 55, 748–754.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunn, AL, Trivedi, MH, Kampert, JB, Clark, CG and Chambliss, HO (2005) Exercise treatment for depression: efficacy and dose response. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 28, 1–8.Google Scholar
Duval, S and Tweedie, R (2000) Trim and fill: a simple funnel–plot–based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta–analysis. Biometrics 56, 455–463.Google Scholar
Euteneuer, F, Dannehl, K, del Rey, A, Engler, H, Schedlowski, M and Rief, W (2017) Immunological effects of behavioral activation with exercise in major depression: an exploratory randomized controlled trial. Translational Psychiatry 7, e1132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Firth, J, Rosenbaum, S, Stubbs, B, Vancampfort, D, Carney, R and Yung, AR (2016) Preferences and motivations for exercise in early psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 134, 83–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furukawa, TA, Barbui, C, Cipriani, A, Brambilla, P and Watanabe, N (2006) Imputing missing standard deviations in meta-analyses can provide accurate results. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 59, 7–10.Google Scholar
Garber, CE, Blissmer, B, Deschenes, MR, Franklin, BA, Lamonte, MJ, Lee, I-M et al. (2011) American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 43, 1334–1359.Google Scholar
Goldstein, BI, Carnethon, MR, Matthews, KA, McIntyre, RS, Miller, GE, Raghuveer, G et al. (2015) Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder predispose youth to accelerated atherosclerosis and early cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 132, 965–986.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gore, FM, Bloem, PJ, Patton, GC, Ferguson, J, Joseph, VR, Coffey, C et al. (2011) Global burden of disease in young people aged 10–24 years: a systematic analysis. Lancet 377, 2093–2102.Google Scholar
Hemat-Far, A, Shahsavari, A and Mousavi, SR (2012) Effects of selected aerobic exercises on the depression and concentrations of plasma serotonin in the depressed female students aged 18 to 25. Journal of Applied Research 12, 47–52.Google Scholar
Hetrick, S, Cox, G, Fisher, C, Bhar, S, Rice, S, Davey, C et al. (2015) Back to basics: could behavioural therapy be a good treatment option for youth depression? A critical review. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 9, 93–99.Google Scholar
Hetrick, SE, McKenzie, JE, Cox, GR, Simmons, MB and Merry, SN (2012) Newer generation antidepressants for depressive disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD004851. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004851.pub3.Google ScholarPubMed
Higgins, J and Green, S (eds) (2011 a). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. [V5.1 updated March 2011], The Cochrane Collaboration: http://www.cochrane-handbook.org.Google Scholar
Higgins, JPT, Altman, DG, Gøtzsche, PC, Jüni, P, Moher, D, Oxman, AD et al. (2011 b). The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. British Medical Journal 343, d5928.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hiroe, T, Kojima, M, Yamamoto, I, Nojima, S, Kinoshita, Y, Hashimoto, N et al. (2005) Gradations of clinical severity and sensitivity to change assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Japanese patients with depression. Psychiatry Research 135, 229–235.Google Scholar
Hughes, CW, Barnes, S, Barnes, C, DeFina, LF, Nakonezny, P and Emslie, GJ (2013) Depressed Adolescents Treated with Exercise (DATE): a pilot randomized controlled trial to test feasibility and establish preliminary effect sizes. Mental Health & Physical Activity 6, 119–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeong, YJ, Hong, SC, Myeong, SL, Park, MC, Kim, YK and Suh, CM (2005) Dance movement therapy improves emotional responses and modulates neurohormones in adolescents with mild depression. International Journal of Neuroscience 115, 1711–1720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jorm, AF and Wright, A (2007) Beliefs of young people and their parents about the effectiveness of interventions for mental disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 41, 656–666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, RC, Angermeyer, M, Anthony, JC, De Graaf, R, Demyttenaere, K, Gasquet, I et al. (2007) Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative. World Psychiatry 6, 168–176.Google Scholar
Kessler, RC, Berglund, P, Demler, O, Jin, R, Merikangas, KR and Walters, EE (2005) Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 62, 593–602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knapen, J, Vancampfort, D, Moriën, Y and Marchal, Y (2015) Exercise therapy improves both mental and physical health in patients with major depression. Disability and Rehabilitation 37, 1490–1495.Google Scholar
Krogh, J, Saltin, B, Gluud, C and Nordentoft, M (2009) The DEMO trial: a randomized, parallel-group, observer-blinded clinical trial of strength versus aerobic versus relaxation training for patients with mild to moderate depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 70, 790–800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kvam, S, Kleppe, CL, Nordhus, IH and Hovland, A (2016) Exercise as a treatment for depression: a meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders 202, 67–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larun, L, Nordheim, LV, Ekeland, E, Hagen, KB and Heian, F (2006) Exercise in prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression among children and young people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD004691. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004691.pub2.Google Scholar
Lee, I-M, Shiroma, EJ, Lobelo, F, Puska, P, Blair, SN and Katzmarzyk, PT, Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group (2012) Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet 380, 219–229.Google Scholar
Legrand, FD (2014) Effects of exercise on physical self-concept, global self-esteem, and depression in women of low socioeconomic status with elevated depressive symptoms. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 36, 357–365.Google Scholar
Lewinsohn, P, Rohde, P, Seeley, J, Klein, D and Gotlib, I (2003) Psychosocial functioning of young adults who have experienced and recovered from major depressive disorder during adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 112, 353–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewinsohn, PM, Rohde, P and Seeley, JR (1998) Major depressive disorder in older adolescents: prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications. Clinical Psychology Review 18, 765–794.Google Scholar
Lindheimer, JB, O'Connor, PJ and Dishman, RK (2015) Quantifying the placebo effect in psychological outcomes of exercise training: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Sports Medicine 45, 693–711.Google Scholar
March, J, Silva, S, Petrycki, S, Curry, J, Wells, K, Fairbank, J et al. (2004) Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their combination for adolescents with depression: treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS) randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 292, 807–820.Google Scholar
Martinsen, EW, Hoffart, A and Solberg, Ø (1989) Comparing aerobic with nonaerobic forms of exercise in the treatment of clinical depression: a randomized trial. Comprehensive Psychiatry 30, 324–331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCann, IL and Holmes, DS (1984) Influence of aerobic exercise on depression. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 46, 1142–1147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moghaddam, JB, Hefzollesan, M, Salehian, MH and Shirmohammadzadeh, M (2012) Effect of different exercises on reducing male students depression. Annals of Biological Research 3, 1231–1235.Google Scholar
Mohammadi, M (2011) A study and comparison of the effect of team sports (soccer and volleyball) and individual sports (table tennis and badminton) on depression among high school students. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5, 1005–1011.Google Scholar
Moher, D, Liberati, A, Tetzlaff, J and Altman, DG (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. British Medical Journal 339, b2535.Google Scholar
Moher, D, Shamseer, L, Clarke, M, Ghersi, D, Liberati, A, Petticrew, M et al. (2015) Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews 4, 1–9.Google Scholar
Nabkasorn, C, Miyai, N, Sootmongkol, A, Junprasert, S, Yamamoto, H, Arita, M et al. (2006) Effects of physical exercise on depression, neuroendocrine stress hormones and physiological fitness in adolescent females with depressive symptoms. European Journal of Public Health 16, 179–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NICE (2015) Depression in Children and Young People: Identification and Management in Primary, Community and Secondary Care (Clinical Guideline 28). United Kingdom: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.Google Scholar
Noorbakhsh, M and Alijani, E (2013) The effects of physical activity on the level of depression in university female students. Annals of Biological Research 4, 196–200.Google Scholar
Norton, K, Norton, L and Sadgrove, D (2010) Position statement on physical activity and exercise intensity terminology. Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport 13, 496–502.Google Scholar
Nyström, MBT, Neely, G, Hassmén, P and Carlbring, P (2015) Treating major depression with physical activity: a systematic overview with recommendations. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 44, 341–352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, AG, Hetrick, SE, Jorm, AF, Mackinnon, AJ, McGorry, PD, Yung, AR et al. (2016) The effectiveness of simple psychological and physical activity interventions for high prevalence mental health problems in young people: a factorial randomised controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders 196, 200–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perraton, LG, Kumar, S and Machotka, Z (2010) Exercise parameters in the treatment of clinical depression: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 16, 597–604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfaff, JJ, Alfonso, H, Newton, RU, Sim, M, Flicker, L and Almeida, OP (2014) ACTIVEDEP: a randomised, controlled trial of a home-based exercise intervention to alleviate depression in middle-aged and older adults. British Journal of Sports Medicine 48, 226–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reavley, N and Jorm, A (2011) Young people's recognition of mental disorders and beliefs about treatment and outcome: findings from an Australian national survey. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 45, 890–898.Google Scholar
Rethorst, C, Wipfli, B and Landers, D (2009) The antidepressive effects of exercise. Sports Medicine 39, 491–511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rohatgi, A (2013) WebPlotDigitizer (http://arohatgi.info/WebPlotDigitizer/). (Accessed 12 December 2016).Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, S, Tiedemann, A, Sherrington, C, Curtis, J and Ward, P (2014) Physical activity interventions for people with mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 75, 1–11.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, R (1979) The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin 86, 638–641.Google Scholar
Roshan, VD, Pourasghar, M and Mohammadian, Z (2011) The efficacy of intermittent walking in water on the rate of MHPG sulfate and the severity of depression. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences 5, 26–31.Google Scholar
Sadeghi, K, Ahmadi, SM, Ahmadi, SM, Rezaei, M, Miri, J, Abdi, A et al. (2016) A comparative study of the efficacy of cognitive group therapy and aerobic exercise in the treatment of depression among the students. Global Journal of Health Science 8, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salmon, P (2001) Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress: a unifying theory. Clinical Psychology Review 21, 33–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarris, J, O'Neil, A, Coulson, CE, Schweitzer, I and Berk, M (2014) Lifestyle medicine for depression. BMC Psychiatry 14, 107.Google Scholar
Schuch, F, Deslandes, A, Stubbs, B, Gosmann, N, da Silva, C and Fleck, M (2016 a). Neurobiological effects of exercise on major depressive disorder: a systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 61, 1–11.Google Scholar
Schuch, F, Vancampfort, D, Richards, J, Rosenbaum, S, Ward, P and Stubbs, B (2016 b). Exercise as a treatment for depression: a meta-analysis adjusting for publication bias. Journal of Psychiatric Research 77, 42–51.Google Scholar
Schuch, FB, Dunn, AL, Kanitz, AC, Delevatti, RS and Fleck, MP (2016 c). Moderators of response in exercise treatment for depression: a systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders 195, 40–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulz, KF, Chalmers, I, Hayes, RJ and Altman, DG (1995) Empirical evidence of bias: dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. JAMA 273, 408–412.Google Scholar
Schünemann, H, Brożek, J, Guyatt, G and Oxman, A (eds) (2013) Handbook for Grading the Quality of Evidence and the Strength of Recommendations Using the GRADE Approach. The Grade Working Group. http://gdt.guidelinedevelopment.org/app/handbook/handbook.html.Google Scholar
Silveira, H, Moraes, H, Oliveira, N, Coutinho, ESF, Laks, J and Deslandes, A (2013) Physical exercise and clinically depressed patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychobiology 67, 61–68.Google Scholar
Stanton, R and Reaburn, P (2014) Exercise and the treatment of depression: a review of the exercise program variables. Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport 17, 177–182.Google Scholar
Stubbs, B, Vancampfort, D, Rosenbaum, S, Ward, PB, Richards, J, Ussher, M et al. (2016 a). Challenges establishing the efficacy of exercise as an antidepressant treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of control group responses in exercise randomised controlled trials. Sports Medicine 46, 699–713.Google Scholar
Stubbs, B, Vancampfort, D, Rosenbaum, S, Ward, PB, Richards, J, Soundy, A et al. (2016 b). Dropout from exercise randomized controlled trials among people with depression: a meta-analysis and meta regression. Journal of Affective Disorders 190, 457–466.Google Scholar
TADS Team (2007) The Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS): long-term effectiveness and safety outcomes. Archives of General Psychiatry 64, 1132–1143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thapar, A, Collishaw, S, Pine, DS and Thapar, AK (2012) Depression in adolescence. Lancet 379, 1056–1067.Google Scholar
The Cochrane Collaboration (2014) Review Manager (RevMan). [V5.1], Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre.Google Scholar
Trivedi, MH, Greer, TL, Church, TS, Carmody, TJ, Grannemann, BD, Galper, DI et al. (2011) Exercise as an augmentation treatment for nonremitted major depressive disorder: a randomized, parallel dose comparison. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 72, 677–684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsafnat, G, Glasziou, P, Choong, MK, Dunn, A, Galgani, F and Coiera, E (2014) Systematic review automation technologies. Systematic Reviews 3, 74.Google Scholar
Vancampfort, D, Stubbs, B, Ward, PB, Teasdale, S and Rosenbaum, S (2015) Why moving more should be promoted for severe mental illness. Lancet Psychiatry 2, 295.Google Scholar
Veale, D (2008) Behavioural activation for depression. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 14, 29–36.Google Scholar
Vučić, K, Jeličić Kadić, A and Puljak, L (2015) Survey of Cochrane protocols found methods for data extraction from figures not mentioned or unclear. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 68, 1161–1164.Google Scholar
Watanabe, N, Hunot, V, Omori, I, Churchill, R and Furukawa, T (2007) Psychotherapy for depression among children and adolescents: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 116, 84–95.Google Scholar
Weersing, VR and Brent, DA (2006) Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in youth. Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 15, 939–957.Google Scholar
Wegner, M, Helmich, I, Machada, S, Nardi, A, Arias-Carrion, O and Budde, H (2014) Effects of exercise on anxiety and depression disorders: review of meta-analyses and neurobiological mechanisms. CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets 13, 1002–1014.Google Scholar
Weisz, JR, Kuppens, S, Ng, MY, Eckshtain, D, Ugueto, AM, Vaughn-Coaxum, R et al. (2017) What five decades of research tells us about the effects of youth psychological therapy: a multilevel meta-analysis and implications for science and practice. American Psychologist 72, 79–117.Google Scholar
Weisz, JR, McCarty, CA and Valeri, SM (2006) Effects of psychotherapy for depression in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 132, 132–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, S, Hicks, B, Foster, K, McGue, M and Iacono, W (2015) Age of onset and course of major depressive disorder: associations with psychosocial functioning outcomes in adulthood. Psychological Medicine 45, 505–514.Google Scholar
Wood, L, Egger, M, Gluud, LL, Schulz, KF, Jüni, P, Altman, DG et al. (2008) Empirical evidence of bias in treatment effect estimates in controlled trials with different interventions and outcomes: meta-epidemiological study. British Medical Journal 336, 601–605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woolery, A, Myers, H, Sternlieb, B and Zeltzer, L (2004) A yoga intervention for young adults with elevated symptoms of depression. Alternative Therapies in Health & Medicine 10, 60–63.Google Scholar
Yavari, A (2008) The effect of swimming in reduction of depression in university male students. Research Journal of Biological Sciences 3, 543–545.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Bailey et al supplementary material

Bailey et al supplementary material 1

Download Bailey et al supplementary material(File)
File 5.6 MB