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Within-person increase in pathological worry predicts future depletion of unique executive functioning domains

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 March 2020

Nur Hani Zainal Open the ORCID record for Nur Hani Zainal [Opens in a new window]  and
Michelle G. Newman Open the ORCID record for Michelle G. Newman [Opens in a new window]
Nur Hani Zainal*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
Michelle G. Newman
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Nur Hani Zainal, E-mail: nvz5057@psu.edu
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Abstract

Background

Affective neuroscience and scar theories propose that increased excessive worry, the hallmark symptom of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), predicts future declines in executive functioning (EF). However, the preponderance of cross-sectional designs used to examine between-person chronic worry–EF relationships has blocked progress on understanding their potentially causal within-person associations. Accordingly, this study used bivariate dual latent change score (LCS) models to test whether within-person increased GAD severity might relate to future reduced EF.

Methods

Community-dwelling adults (N = 2581, 46 years on average, s.d. = 11.40, 54.71% female) were assessed for GAD symptom severity (Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form) across three waves, spaced about 9 years apart. Three aspects of EF [inhibition, set-shifting, and mixing costs (MCs; a measure related to common EF)], were assessed with stop-and-go switch tasks. Participants responded to 20 normal and 20 reverse single-task block trials and 32 mixed-task switch block trials. EF tests were administered at time 2 (T2) and time 3 (T3), but not at time 1 (T1).

Results

After controlling for T1 depression, LCS models revealed that within-person increased T1 − T2 GAD severity substantially predicted future reduced T2 − T3 inhibition and set-shifting (both indexed by accuracy and latency), and MC (indexed by latency) with moderate-to-large effect sizes (|d| = 0.51–0.96).

Conclusions

Results largely support scar theories by offering preliminary within-person, naturalistic evidence that heightened excessive worry can negatively predict future distinct aspects of cognitive flexibility. Effectively targeting pathological worry might prevent difficulties arising from executive dysfunction.

Keywords

Affective neuroscienceexecutive functioninggeneralized anxiety disorderlatent changeworry
Type
Original Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 51 , Issue 10 , July 2021 , pp. 1676 - 1686
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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