Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T13:22:42.850Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Energy requirements and aging

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2007

Susan B Roberts  and
Gerard E Dallal
Susan B Roberts*
Affiliation:
Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington St., Boston, MA 02111, USA
Gerard E Dallal
Affiliation:
Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington St., Boston, MA 02111, USA
*
*Corresponding author: Email susan.roberts@tufts.edu
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Objective

To summarise the literature on energy requirements and aging.

Design

An analysis and review of published data on components of energy expenditure and total energy expenditure (TEE).

Setting

Data on basal metabolic rate (BMR) and TEE were obtained from the US Institute of Medicine of the National Academies database (all available data from studies published before 2001, collected from 20 researchers willing to provide individual subject results).

Subjects

Those individuals from the database who were 20–100 years of age.

Results

TEE and physical activity level (PAL, defined as the ratio of total to resting energy expenditure) declined progressively throughout adult life in both normal weight and overweight men and women. In normal weight individuals (defined as body mass index (BMI) 18.5–25.0 kg m-2) TEE fell by ≈150 kcal per decade, and PAL fell from an average of 1.75 in the second decade of life to 1.28 in the ninth decade. Thermic effect of feeding data from other published studies indicated no consistent change associated with aging.

Conclusions

Aging is associated with progressive declines in resting and TEE, which have implications for defining dietary energy requirements at different stages of adult life.

Keywords

Physical activity levelDoubly labelled water methodTotal energy expenditureEnergy requirements
Type
Research Article
Information
Public Health Nutrition , Volume 8 , Issue 7a , October 2005 , pp. 1028 - 1036
Copyright
Copyright © The Authors 2005

References

1FAO, WHO, UNU. Energy and Protein Requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Technical Report Series 724. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1985.Google Scholar
2Garby, L. Metabolic adaptation to decreases in energy intake due to changes in the energy cost of low energy expenditure regimen. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 1990; 61: 173–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Ravussin, E, Lillioja, S, Anderson, TE, Christin, L, Bogardus, C. Determinants of 24-hour energy expenditure in man, methods and results using a respiratory chamber. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 1986; 78: 1568–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Durnin, JVGA. Low energy expenditures in free-living populations. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1990; 44: 95–102.Google ScholarPubMed
5Roberts, SB, Heyman, MB, Evans, WJ, Fuss, P, Tsay, R, Young, VR. Dietary energy requirements of young adult men, determined by using the doubly labelled water method. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991; 54: 499–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6Jones, PJ, Martin, LJ, Su, W, Boyd, NF. Canadian recommended nutrient intakes underestimate true energy requirements in middle-aged women. Canadian Journal of Public Health 1997; 88: 314–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Roberts, SB. Energy expenditure and the development of early obesity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1993; 699: 18–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Sawaya, AL, Saltzman, E, Fuss, P, Young, VR, Roberts, SB. Dietary energy requirements of young and older women determined by using the doubly labelled water method. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995; 62: 338–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9Leonard, WR, Galloway, VA, Ivakine, E. Underestimation of daily energy expenditure with the factorial method: Implications for anthropological research. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1997; 103: 443–54.3.0.CO;2-O>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Morio, B, Beaufrere, B, Montaurier, C, Verdier, E, Ritz, P, Fellmann, N, Boirie, Y, Vermorel, M. Gender differences in energy expended during activities and in daily energy expenditure of elderly people. American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism 1997; 273: E321–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11Mertz, W, Tsui, JT, Reiser, S, Hallfrisch, J, Morris, ER, Steele, PD, Lashley, E. What are people really eating? The relation between energy intake derived from estimated diet records and intake determined to maintain body weight. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991; 54: 291–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12Pannemans, DLE, Westerterp, KR. Estimation of energy intake to feed subjects at energy balance as verified with doubly labelled water: a study in the elderly. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1993; 47: 490–6.Google Scholar
13Seale, JL. Energy expenditure measurements in relation to energy requirements. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995; 62(S5): S1042–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Schoeller, DA. How accurate is self-reported dietary energy intake?. Nutrition Review 1990; 48: 373–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15Tomoyasu, NJ, Toth, MJ, Poehlman, ET. Misreporting of total energy intake in older African Americans. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 2000; 24(1): 20–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Roberts, SB. Use of the doubly labelled water method for measurement of energy expenditure, total body water, water intake, and metabolizable energy intake in humans and small animals. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 1989; 67(10): 1190–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Schoeller, DA. Measurement of energy expenditure in free-living humans by using doubly labelled water. Journal of Nutrition 1988; 118: 1278–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18Roberts, SB. Use of the doubly labelled water method for measurement of energy expenditure, total body water, water intake, and metabolizable energy intake in humans and small animals. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 1989; 67: 1190–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Lifson, N, Gordon, GB, McClintock, R. Measurement of total carbon dioxide production by means of D 218O. Journal of Applied Physiology 1955; 7: 704–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20Lifson, N. Theory of use of the turnover rates of body water for measuring energy and material balance. Journal of Theoretical Biology 1966; 12(1): 46–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Lifson, N, Gordon, GB, Visscher, MB, Nier, AO. The fate of utilized molecular oxygen and the source of oxygen of respiratory carbon dioxide, studied with the aid of heavy oxygen. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1949; 180: 803–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Bathalon, GP, Tucker, KL, Hays, NP, Vinken, AG, Greenberg, AS, McCrory, MA, Roberts, SB. Psychological measures of eating behavior and the accuracy of 3 common dietary assessment methods in healthy postmenopausal women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000; 71: 739–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Schoeller, DA. Energy expenditure from doubly labelled water: some fundamental considerations in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1983; 38(6): 999–1005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Bratteby, LE, Sandhagen, B, Lotborn, M, Samuelson, G. Daily energy expenditure and physical activity assessed by an activity diary in 374 randomly selected 15-year-old adolescents. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997; 51(9): 592–600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25Bouchard, C, Tremblay, A, Despres, J-P, Nadeau, A, Lupien, PJ, Theriault, G, Dussault, J, Moorjani, S, Pinault, S, Fournier, G. The response to long-term overfeeding in identical twins. New England Journal of Medicine 1990; 322(21): 1477–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Levine, JA, Eberhardt, NL, Jensen, MD. Role of nonexercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans. Science 1999; 283: 212–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Roberts, SB, Young, VR, Fuss, P, Fiatarone, MA, Richard, B, Rasmussen, H, Fiatarone, M, Cortiella, J, Dallal, GE, Young, VR. Energy expenditure and subsequent nutrient intakes in overfed young men. American Journal of Physiology 1990; 259: R461–9.Google ScholarPubMed
28Saltzman, E, Roberts, SB. The role of energy expenditure in energy regulation: findings from a decade of research. Nutrition Review 1995; 53(8): 209–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Keys, A, Taylor, HL, Grande, F. Basal metabolism and age of adult man. Metabolism 1973; 22: 579–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Schofield, WN. Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work. Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition 1985; 39(Suppl. 1): 5–41.Google ScholarPubMed
31Fukagawa, NK, Bandini, LG, Young, JB. Effect of age on body composition and resting metabolic rate. American Journal of Physiology 1990; 259: E233–8.Google ScholarPubMed
32Klausen, B, Toubro, S, Astrup, A. Age and sex effects on energy expenditure. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997; 65: 895–907.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Pannemans, DLE, Westerterp, KR. Energy expenditure, physical activity and basal metabolic rate of elderly subjects. British Journal of Nutrition 1995; 73(4): 571–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Poehlman, ET, Melby, CL, Bradylak, SF. Relation of age and physical exercise status on metabolic rate in younger and older healthy men. Journal of Gerontology 1991; 46(2): B54–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Roberts, SB. Influence of age on energy requirements. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995; 62(Suppl. 50A): 1053A–8A.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Vaughan, L, Zurlo, F, Ravussin, E. Aging and energy expenditure. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991; 53: 821–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Visser, M, Deurenberg, P, van Staveren, WA, Hautvast, JGAJ. Resting metabolic rate and diet-induced thermogenesis in young and elderly subjects: relationship with body composition, fat distribution, and physical activity level. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995; 61: 772–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38Poehlman, ET, Goran, MJ, Gardner, AW, Ades, PA, Arciero, PJ, Katzman-Rooks, SM, Montgomery, SM, Toth, MJ, Sutherland, PT. Determinants of decline in resting metabolic rate in aging females. American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism 1993; 264: E450–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39Tzankoff, SP, Norris, AH. Effect of muscle mass decrease on age-related BMR changes. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology 1977; 43: 1001–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40Poehlman, ET. Energy expenditure and requirements in aging humans. Journal of Nutrition 1992; 122: 2057–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Haderslev, KV, Svendsen, OL, Staun, M. Does paracentesis of ascites influence measurements of bone mineral or body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry?. Metabolism 1999; 48(3): 373–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Popkin, BM, Doak, CM. The obesity epidemic is a worldwide phenomenon. Nutrition Review 1998; 56: 106–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43Henry, CJ. Mechanisms of changes in basal metabolism during ageing. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000; 54(Suppl. 3): S77–S91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Golay, A, Schutz, Y, Meyer, HU. Glucose induced thermogenesis in nondiabetic and diabetic obese subjects. Diabetes 1982; 31: 1023–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Morgan, JB, York, DA. Thermic effect of feeding in relation to energy balance in elderly men. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 1983; 27: 71–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Schutz, Y, Golay, A, Felber, J-P, Jequier, E. Decreased glucose-induced thermogenesis after weight loss in obese subjects: a predisposing factor for relapse obesity?. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1984; 39: 380–7.Google ScholarPubMed
47Schwartz, RS, Jaegar, LF, Veith, RC. The thermic effect of feeding in older men: the importance of the sympathetic nervous system. Metabolism 1990; 39: 733–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48Thorne, A, Wahren, J. Diminished meal-induced thermogenesis in elderly man. Clinical Physiology 1990; 10: 427–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49Vansant, G, VanGaal, L, VanAcker, K, DeLeeuw, I. Importance of glucagon as a determinant of resting metabolic rate and glucose-induced thermogenesis in obese women. Metabolism 1991; 40(7): 672–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50Golay, A, Schutz, Y, Meyer, HU, Thiebaud, D, Curchod, B, Maeder, E, Felber, JP, Jequier, E. Glucose-induced thermogenesis in nondiabetic and diabetic obese subjects. Diabetes 1982; 31: 1023–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51Bloesch, D, Schutz, Y, Breitenstein, E, Jequier, E, Felber, JP. Thermogenic response to an oral glucose load in man: comparison between young and elderly subjects. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1988; 7(6): 471–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
52Fukagawa, NR, Bandini, LG, Lim, PH, Roingeard, F, Lee, MA, Young, JB. Protein-induced changes in energy expenditure in young and old individuals. The American Journal of Physiology 1991; 260(23): E345–52.Google Scholar
53Melanson, KJ, Saltzman, E, Russell, R, Roberts, SB. The effects of age on postprandial thermogenesis at four graded energetic challenges: findings in young and older women. Journal of Gerontology 1998; 53B: 409–14.Google Scholar
54Tuttle, WW, Horvath, SM, Presson, LF, Daum, K. Specific dynamic action in men past 60 years of age. Journal of Applied Physiology 1953; 5: 631–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55Black, AE, Coward, WA, Cole, TJ, Prentice, AM. Human energy expenditure in affluent societies: an analysis of 574 doubly-labelled water measurements. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1996; 50: 72–92.Google ScholarPubMed
56Roberts, SB. Energy requirements of older individuals. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1996; 50(Suppl. 1): S112–8.Google ScholarPubMed
57Reilly, JJ, Lord, A, Bunker, VW, Prentice, AM, Coward, WA, Thomas, AJ, Briggs, RS. Energy balance in healthy elderly women. British Journal of Nutrition 1993; 69: 21–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58Roberts, SB, Young, VR, Fuss, P, Heyman, MB, Fiatarone, MA, Dallal, GE, Cortiella, J, Evans, WJ. What are the dietary energy needs of adults?. International Journal of Obesity 1992; 16: 969–76.Google Scholar
59Ortega, RM, Andres, P, Redondo, MR, Zamora, MJ, Lopez-Sobaler, AM, Encinas-Sotillos, A. Dietary assessment of a group of elderly Spanish people. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 1995; 46(2): 137–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60Roberts, SB, Dallal, GE. The effects of age on energy balance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998; S68: S975–9.Google Scholar
61Suominen, H, Heikkinen, E, Parkatti, T, Forsberg, S, Kiiskinen, A. Effects of ‘lifelong’ physical training on functional aging in men. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine 1977; 14(Suppl.): 225–40.Google ScholarPubMed