Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T08:29:11.810Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Is TV viewing an index of physical activity and fitness in overweight and normal weight children?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2007

A Grund ,
H Krause ,
M Siewers ,
H Rieckert  and
MJ Müller
A Grund
Affiliation:
Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde (Abteilung Ernährung des Menschen), Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 17–19, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
H Krause
Affiliation:
Institut für Sport und Sportwissenschaften (Abteilung Sportmedizin), Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
M Siewers
Affiliation:
Institut für Sport und Sportwissenschaften (Abteilung Sportmedizin), Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
H Rieckert
Affiliation:
Institut für Sport und Sportwissenschaften (Abteilung Sportmedizin), Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
MJ Müller*
Affiliation:
Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde (Abteilung Ernährung des Menschen), Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 17–19, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
*
*Corresponding author: Email mmueller@nutrfoodsc.uni-kiel.de
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Objective:

To assess relationships between TV viewing and body composition, energy expenditure, physical activity, fitness and nutrition habits in prepubertal children.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Subjects:

Sixty prepubertal children (mean body mass index: 20.8 kg m−2, age: 5–11 years, overweight: n=52, normal weight: n=8).

Methods:

TV consumption, socio-economic status (SES) and nutrition habits were estimated by questionnaires. Fat mass and fat-free mass were assessed by anthropometrics and bioelectrical impedance analysis, and resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry. Total energy expenditure was measured by a combination of indirect calorimetry and individually calibrated 24-hour heart rate (HR) monitoring. Activity-related energy expenditure and physical activity level were calculated. Aerobic fitness (VO2 submax) was determined by ergometry, muscle strength (musculus quadriceps, musculus ischiocruralis) was measured by computer tensiometry. Children were stratified according to their daily TV consumption: <=1 h of TV per day (group I) and >1 h of TV per day (group II).

Results:

When compared with children of group I, children of group II had increased body weight, body mass index, skinfolds, fat mass and prevalence of overweight (P<0.05 and <0.01, respectively). By contrast, fat-free mass, energy expenditure, measures of physical activity and muscle strength were similar. Children of group II had normal absolute VO2 submax but reduced adjusted VO2 submax (P<0.05). They also had parents with a lower educational level (P<0.05). Similar nutritional habits were observed in both groups. There were no significant differences in the observed parameters between children with high (1–3 h day−1) and very high (>3 h day−1) TV viewing.

Conclusions:

There is a positive relationship between TV viewing and fatness. Increased TV viewing does not reflect reduced 24-hour energy expenditure as assessed by 24-hour HR monitoring, submaximal VO2, muscle strength or poor dietary intake. Increased TV consumption is associated with a low SES.

Keywords

Physical inactivityActivityEnergy expenditureChildhood obesityChildhood nutrition
Type
Research Article
Information
Public Health Nutrition , Volume 4 , Issue 6 , December 2001 , pp. 1245 - 1251
Copyright
Copyright © CABI Publishing 2001

References

1Davies, PSW, Gregory, J, White, A. Physical activity and body fatness in pre-school children. Int. J. Obes. 1995; 19: 6–10.Google ScholarPubMed
2Deheeger, M, Rolland-Cachera, MF, Fontvieille, AM. Physical activity and body composition in 10 year old French children: linkages with nutritional intake? Int. J. Obes. 1997; 21: 372–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Fontvieille, AM, Kriska, A, Ravussin, E. Decreased physical activity in Pima Indian compared with Caucasian children. Int. J. Obes. 1993; 17: 445–52.Google ScholarPubMed
4Hill, JO, Peters, JC. Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic. Science 1998; 280: 1371–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5Anastassea-Vlachou, K, Fryssira-Kanioura, H, Papathanasiou-Klontza, D, Xipolita-Zachariadi, A, Matsaniotis, N. The effects of television viewing in Greece, and the role of the paediatrician: a familiar triangle revisited. Eur. J. Pediatr. 1996; 155: 1057–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Dietz, WH, Bandini, LG, Morelli, JA, Peers, KF, Ching, PL. Effect of sedentary activities on resting metabolic rate. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1994; 59: 556–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Dietz, WH, Gortmaker, SL. Do we fatten our children at the television set? Obesity and television viewing in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 1985; 75: 807–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Klesges, RC, Shelton, ML, Klesges, LM. Effects of television on metabolic rate: potential implications for childhood obesity. Pediatrics 1993; 92(2): 281–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9Maffeis, C, Zaffanello, M, Schutz, Y. Relationship between physical inactivity and adiposity in prepubertal children. J. Pediatr. 1997; 191(2): 288–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10Goran, MI, Reynolds, KD, Lindquist, CH. Role of physical activity in the prevention of obesity in children. Int. J. Obes. 1999; 23(3): 18–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11Westernerp, KR. Obesity and physical activity. Int. J. Obes. 1999; 23: 59–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12Haskell, WL, Yee, MC, Evans, A, Irby, PJ. Simultaneous measurement of heart rate and body motion to quantitate physical activity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1993; 25: 109–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Livingstone, MBE. Energy expenditure and physical activity in relation to fitness in children. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1994; 53: 207–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Maffeis, C, Schena, F, Zaffanello, M, Zoccante, L, Schutz, Y, Pinelli, L. Daily energy expenditure in free-living conditions in obese and non-obese children: comparison of doubly labelled water (2H218O) method and heart-rate monitoring. Int. J. Obes. 1995; 19: 671–7.Google ScholarPubMed
15Murgatroyd, PR, Shetty, PS, Prentice, AM. Techniques for the measurement of human energy expenditure: a practical guide. Int. J. Obes. 1993; 17: 549–68.Google ScholarPubMed
16Anderson, RE, Crespo, CJ, Bartlett, SJ, Cheskin, LJ, Pratt, M. Relationship of physical activity and television watching with body weight and level of fatness among children. JAMA 1998; 279: 938–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17Dietz, WH, Gortmaker, SL. TV or not TV: fat is the question. Pediatrics 1993; 91: 499–500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Glenmark, B, Hedberg, G, Jansson, E. Prediction of physical activity level in adulthood by physical characteristics, physical performance and physical activity in adolescence: an 11-year follow-up study. Eur. J. Appl.Physiol. 1994; 69: 530–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Hughes, JM, Li, L, Chinn, S, Rona, RJ. Trends in growth in England and Scotland, 1972 to 1994. Arch. Dis. Child. 1997; 76: 182–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Jeffery, RW, French, SA. Epidemic obesity in the United States: are fast foods and television viewing contributing? Am. J. Public Health 1998; 88: 277–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Ravussin, E, Bogardus, C. Relationship of genetics, age, and physical fitness to daily energy expenditure and fuel utilisation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1989; 49: 968–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22DuRant, RH, Baranowski, T, Johnson, M, Thompson, WO. The relationship among television watching, physical activity, and body composition of young children. Pediatrics 1994; 94(4): 449–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Robinson, TN, Hammer, LD, Killen, JD, Kraemer, HC, Wilson, DM, Hayward, C, Taylor, CB. Does television viewing increase obesity and reduce physical activity? Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses among adolescent girls. Pediatrics 1993; 91: 273–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Hernandez, B, Gortmaker, SL, Golditz, GA, Peterson, KE, Laird, NM, Parra-Cabrera, E. Association of obesity with physical activity, television programs and other forms of video viewing among children in Mexico City. Int. J. Obes. 1999; 23: 845–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25Obarzanek, E, Schreiber, GB, Crawford, PB, Goldman, SR, Barriera, PM, Frederick, MM, Lakatos, E. Energy intake and physical activity in relation to indexes of body fat: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1994; 60: 15–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Müller, MJ, Mast, M, Koertzinger, I, Grund, A, Langnäse, K. Physical activity and diet in 5 to 7 years old children. Public Health Nutr. 1999; 2(3a): 443–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Story, M, Faulkner, P. The prime time diet: a content analysis of eating behaviour and food messages in television program content and commercials. Am. J. Public Health 1990; 80: 738–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28Robinson, TN. Does television cause childhood obesity? JAMA 1998; 279: 959–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Mast, M, Körtzinger, I, Müller, MJ. Nutrition behaviour and status of children in Kiel aged 5 to 7 years. Akt. Ernähr. Med. 1998; 23: 282–8.Google Scholar
30Mast, M, Körtzinger, I, König, E, Müller, MJ. Gender differences in fat mass of 5–7 year old children. Int. J. Obes. 1998; 22: 878–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Hesse, V. Wachstum und Entwicklung. In: Meng, W, Ziegler, R, eds. Endokrinologie-Grundlagen Klinik Praxis. Jena/Stuttgard/Lübeck/Ulm: Fisher Verlag, 1997; 623.Google Scholar
32Müller, MJ. Ernährungsmedizinische Praxis. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1998; 40–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33Goran, MI, Driscoll, P, Johnson, R, Nagy, TR, Hunter, G. Cross-calibration of body composition techniques against dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in young children. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1996; 63: 299–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Müller, MJ, Bosy-Westphal, A, Grund, A, Selberg, O. ‘Standardisation’ of metabolic parameters: are there suitable reference values for resting energy expenditure? Akt. Ernähr. Med. 1999; 24: 174–81.Google Scholar
35Grund, A, Vollbrecht, H, Frandsen, W, Krause, H, Siewersa, M, Rieckert, H, Müller, MJ. Messung des 24-h-Energieverbrauchs mit ‘heart rate monitoring’ bei Kindern und Erwachsenen. Akt. Ernähr. Med. 1999; 24: 129–37.Google Scholar
36Schulz, S, Westerterp, KR, Brück, K. Comparison of energy expenditure by the doubly labelled water technique with energy intake, heart rate, and activity recording in man. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1989; 49: 1146–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Neumann, G, Schüler, KP. Sportmedizinische Funktionsdiagnostik. Leipzig: Ambrosius Borth-Verlag, 1994; 44–6.Google Scholar
38Zhang, YY, Johnson, MC, Chow, N, Wassermann, K. The role of fitness on VO2 and VCO2 kinetics in response to proportional step increases in work rate. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 1991; 63: 94–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39Rerybrouck, T, Mertens, L, Schepers, D, Vinckx, J, Gewillig, M. Assessment of cardiorespiratory exercise function in obese children and adolescents by body mass-independent parameters. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 1997; 75: 478–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40Grund, A, Vollbrecht, H, Frandsen, W, Krause, H, Siewers, M, Rieckert, H, Müller, MJ. No effect of gender on different components of daily energy expenditure in free living prepubertal children. Int. J. Obes. 2000; 24: 1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Grund, A, Dilba, B, Forberger, K, Krause, H, Siewers, M, Rieckert, H, Müller, MJ. Relationships between physical activity, physical fitness, muscle strength and nutritional state in 5- to 11-year-old children. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2000; 82: 425–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42McArdle, WD, Katch, FI, Katch, VL. Exercise Physiology, Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance. Philadelphia,PA/London: Lea & Febiger, 1991; 452–5.Google Scholar
43Spurr, GB, Prentice, PD, Murgatroyd, PR, Goldberg, MS, Reina, JC, Christman, NT. Energy expenditure from minute-by-minute heart rate recording: comparison with indirect calorimetry. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1988; 48: 552–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Gortmaker, SL, Dietz, WH, Cheung, LWY. Inactivity, diet, and the fattening of America. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 1990; 90: 1247–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Salbe, AD, Fontvieille, AM, Harper, IT, Ravussin, E. Low levels of physical activity in 5-year-old children. J. Pediatr. 1997; 423–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Mamalakis, G, Kafatos, A. Prevalence of obesity in Greece. Int. J. Obes. 1996; 20: 488–92.Google ScholarPubMed