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Accepted manuscript

Mediating Effects of Waist Circumference and Body Mass Index on the Association between Meal Frequency and Mortality

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 March 2025

Li-Juan Tan  and
Sangah Shin Open the ORCID record for Sangah Shin [Opens in a new window]
Li-Juan Tan
Affiliation:
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi-do 17546, South Korea
Sangah Shin*
Affiliation:
Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi-do 17546, South Korea
*
*Address for Correspondence: Prof. Sangah Shin, MPH, Ph.D, Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi-do 17546, South Korea. E-mail: ivory8320@cau.ac.kr Tel.: +82-31-670-3259; Fax: +82-31-675-1381; ORCID: 0000-0003-0094-1014
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Abstract

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Objective:

To examine the potential indirect effect of meal frequency on mortality via obesity indices.

Design:

prospective cohort study

Setting:

Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study

Participants:

This cohort study involved 148,438 South Korean adults aged 40 years and older.

Results:

Meal frequency at the baseline survey was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Outcomes included all-cause mortality, cancer mortality, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Cox proportional hazards regression models were employed to examine the relationship between meal frequency and the risk of mortality. Mediation analyses were performed with changes in obesity indices (body mass index and waist circumference (WC)) as mediators. In comparison to the three-times group, the once-per-day and four-times-per-day groups had a higher risk for all-cause mortality. The irregular frequency group had a higher risk for CVD mortality. Both once-per-day and four-times-per-day groups exhibited higher risks for cancer mortality. The effect of meal frequency on all-cause mortality was partially mediated by WC. For specific-cause mortality, similar mediation effects were found.

Conclusions:

The data suggests that three meals per day have a lower mortality and longer life expectancy compared to other meal frequencies. Increased waist circumference partially mediates this effect. These findings support the implementation of a strategy that addresses meal frequency and weight reduction together.

Keywords

mediation analysismortalityobesitysurvival analysismeal frequency
Type
Research Paper
Information
Public Health Nutrition , Accepted manuscript , pp. 1 - 25
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society