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Age and impacts of the caldera-forming Aniakchak II eruption in western Alaska

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

J.J. Blackford ,
R.J. Payne ,
M.P. Heggen ,
A. de la Riva Caballero  and
J. van der Plicht
J.J. Blackford
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
R.J. Payne*
Affiliation:
Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
M.P. Heggen
Affiliation:
Høgskolen i Bergen, Nygårdsgaten 112, N-5020 Bergen, Norway Department of Biology, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
A. de la Riva Caballero
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
J. van der Plicht
Affiliation:
Centre for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 72, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands
*
*Corresponding author.E-mail address:r.j.payne@stir.ac.uk (R.J. Payne).
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Abstract

The mid-Holocene eruption of Aniakchak volcano (Aniakchak II) in southwest Alaska was among the largest eruptions globally in the last 10,000 years (VEI-6). Despite evidence for possible impacts on global climate, the precise age of the eruption is not well-constrained and little is known about regional environmental impacts. A closely spaced sequence of radiocarbon dates at a peatland site over 1000 km from the volcano show that peat accumulation was greatly reduced with a hiatus of approximately 90–120 yr following tephra deposition. During this inferred hiatus no paleoenvironmental data are available but once vegetation returned the flora changed from a Cyperaceae-dominated assemblage to a Poaceae-dominated vegetation cover, suggesting a drier and/or more nutrient-rich ecosystem. Oribatid mites are extremely abundant in the peat at the depth of the ash, and show a longer-term, increasingly wet peat surface across the tephra layer. The radiocarbon sample immediately below the tephra gave a date of 1636–1446 cal yr BC suggesting that the eruption might be younger than previously thought. Our findings suggest that the eruption may have led to a widespread reduction in peatland carbon sequestration and that the impacts on ecosystem functioning were profound and long-lasting.

Keywords

Volcanic impactsVegetationCarbon balanceBeringiaAcariRadiocarbon dating
Type
Articles
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 82 , Issue 1 , July 2014 , pp. 85 - 95
Copyright
University of Washington

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